动名词
　　1. 构成与形式
　　动名词形式与现在分词相同，由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。
　　动名词的形式有：

　　2. 用法
　　动名词，顾名思义，既有动词也有名词的某些特征。可带有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
　　1)作主语
　　Smoking is not good for your health.
　　it is a waste of time discussing such matters.
　　2) 作宾语
　　For many years, he has never stopped reading English.
　　On hearing that Tom had passed his examination, I rang him up.
　　常用动名词作宾语的动词及短语动词有：stop, mind, enjoy, finish, avoid, deny, miss, escape, consider, admit, risk, complete, can’t help, give up, leave off, put off, keep on等。
　　3)作表语
　　What he likes is playing chess after supper.
　　The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customer.
　　4) 作定语
　　He may be in the reading room, for all I know.
　　The turning speed of the new machine is much higher than that of the old one.
　　比较：动名词作定语与现在分词作定语有所不同：动名词和它所修饰的名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，它多表示被修饰的名词的功能、用途;而现在分词作定语，它与所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，前者是后者发出的动作。如：
　　

　　3. 时态与语态
　　1)完成式
　　He regretted having shot the bird.
　　I apologize for not having kept my promise.
　　2) 被动式
　　She didn’t mind being left alone at home.
　　He insisted on being treated as an ordinary employee.
　　3) 完成被动式
　　After having been interviewed, he was offered the job.
　　He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.