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Good afternoon, class.
下午好，同学们。
Today I want to discuss with you a new approach to empirical research.
今天我想和你们讨论实证研究的一种新方法。
In the past, scientists often worked alone.
在过去，科学家们常常单打独斗。
They were confined to the university or research center where they worked.
他们受限于自己工作的大学或研究中心。
Today, though, we are seeing mergers of some of the greatest scientific minds, regardless of their location.
但现在，尽管处于不同的地方，我们看到一些最伟大的科学大脑的合作。
There has never been a better time for collaborations with foreign scientists.
现在是和国外科学家合作的最好时期。
In fact, the European Union is taking the lead.
事实上，欧盟正发挥带头作用。
Spurred on by funding policies, half of European research articles had international co-authors in 2007, this is more than twice the level of two decades ago.
受资助政策推动，2007年有一半的欧洲研究论文都有国际合著者，这比二十年前多一倍。
The European Union's level of international co-authorship is about twice that of the United States, Japan, and India.
欧盟的国际合著数量大概是美国、日本和印度的两倍。
Even so, the levels in these countries are also rising.
即使这样，这些国家的水平也在上升。
This is a sign of the continued allure of creating scientific coalitions across borders.
这是建立跨境科学联盟的持久诱因的标志。
Andrew Schubert, a researcher at the institute for science policy research, says that the rising collaboration is partly out of necessity.
科学政策研究机构的研究员安德鲁·舒伯特说，不断增加的合作在一定程度上是出于必要。
This necessity comes with the rise of big science.
这种必要伴随着大科学的崛起。
Many scientific endeavors have become more complicated.
很多科学研究已变得越来越复杂了。
These new complications require the money and labor of many nations.
这些新的难题需要多个国家的资金和劳动。
But he says collaborations have also emerged because of increased possibilities.
但是他说，合作的出现也是由于可能性增加。
The internet allows like-minded scientists to find each other.
互联网让想法相同的科学家相互联系。
Simultaneously, dramatic drops in communication costs ease long-distance interactions, and there's a reward.
同时，沟通成本大幅降低使长距离互动变得更加简单，这带来了回报。
Studies of citation counts show that international co-authored papers have better visibility.
对引用率的研究表明，国际合作的论文识别度更高。
Schubert says international collaboration is a way to spread ideas in wider and wider circles.
舒伯特说，国际合作是在更宽广的圈子里传播观点的一种方式。
Caroline Wagner, a research scientist at George Washington University, notes that international collaborations offer additional flexibility.
乔治华盛顿大学的研究科学家卡罗琳·瓦格纳说，国际合作提供了更多灵活性。
Whereas local collaborations sometimes persist past the point of usefulness, because of social or academic obligations, international ones can be cultivated and dropped more freely.
由于社会和学术义务，本土合作有时候在无用的情况下还是要持续，但国际合作的建立和退出更加自由。
The collaborative trend is true across scientific disciplines. Some feels though have a greater tendency for it.
跨越科学领域的合作趋势是真实的。不过一些人感觉趋势更强劲。
Particle physicist and astronomers collaborate often. This's because they must share expensive facilities.
粒子物理学家和天文学家经常进行合作。这是因为他们必须共享昂贵的设备。
Mathematicians, by contrast, tend historically towards solitude. As a consequence, they lag behind other disciplines.
相反，数学家从来都倾向各自为战。所以数学落后于其他学科。
However, Wagner says partnerships are rising there too. The level of collaboration also varies from country to country.
但瓦格纳说，数学界的合作也在增加。不同国家的合作水平也不同。
There are historical and political reasons as to why collaborations emerge, says Wagner.
瓦格纳说，合作的出现有其历史和政治原因。
This rise is also apparently boosted by policies embedded in European framework funding schemes.
这种增长很明显也是由欧洲框架资金计划中的政策所推动。
These policies underlie funding requirements that often require teamwork.
这些提供资金的政策条件常常要求团队合作。
16.What do we learn about the research funding policies in the European Union?
16.关于欧盟研究资金政策，我们知道什么？
17.Why do researchers today favor international collaboration?
17.为什么现在的研究人员倾向国际合作？
18.What do we learn about the field of mathematics?
18.关于数学领域，我们知道什么？
