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Have you ever had someone try to explain something to you a dozen times with no luck?
你有没有遇到过这样一种情况，即有人向你解释某件事情，解释了很多次你却仍无法理解。
But then when you see a picture, the idea finally clicks.
但是当你看到图片时却恍然大悟。
If that sounds familiar, maybe you might consider yourself a visual learner.
如果你遇到过这种情况，那么或许你可以自认为是一名视觉学习者。
Or if reading or listening does a trick, maybe you feel like you're a verbal learner.
或者说如果你通过阅读和倾听的方式能更好地理解，那么或许你是一名语言学习者。
We call these labels learning styles. But is there really a way to categorize different types of students?
这种标签我们称之为“学习风格”。不过，真的有办法可以对不同类型的学生进行归类吗？
It actually seems that multiple presentation formats, especially if one of them is visual, help most people learn.
其实，多样化的呈现形式在人们学习时帮助很大，尤其是视觉呈现形式。
When psychologists and educators test for learning styles,
心理学家和教育工作者在测试学习风格时，
they're trying to figure out whether these are inherent traits that affect how well students learn instead of just a preference.
他们会尽量弄清楚影响学生学习效率的是他们的遗传特性还是说仅仅是偏好。
Usually they start by giving a survey to figure out what style a student favors, like visual or verbal learning.
通常他们会先做一个调查找出学生们喜欢的学习方式，比如视觉学习方式或者语言学习方式。
Then they try to teach the students something with a specific presentation style, like using visual AIDS, and do a follow up test to see how much they learned.
之后他们会尝试通过特定的呈现方式来给学生灌输知识，比如使用视觉辅助工具，最后做一个后续测试来观察学生们对知识的吸收程度。
That way, the researchers can see if the self identified verbal learners really learned better when the information was just spoken aloud, for example.
这样一来，举个例子，研究人员就可以看到那些自认为是语言学习者的人，在信息被大声读出来的时候其学习效率是否真的更高。
But according to a 2008 review, only one study that followed this design found that students actually learned best with their preferred style.
但是，根据2008年的一项报告显示，在遵循这种设计的研究中只有一项研究发现，学生们实际上用自己偏爱的风格学习效率最高。
But the study had some big flaws. The researchers excluded 2/3 of the original participants,
不过这项研究有一些大的缺陷，即研究人员排除了最初2/3的参与者，
because they didn't seem to have any clear learning style from the survey at the beginning.
因为他们在调查初期似乎没有任何明确的学习风格，
And they didn't even report the actual test scores in the final paper.
甚至也没有报告自己期末考试的真实成绩。
So it doesn't really seem like learning styles are an inherited trait that we all have.
所以说，学习风格似乎并不是人人都有的遗传特性。
But that doesn't mean that all students will do amazingly, if they just spend all their time reading from a textbook.
但这并不说明，只要学生把所有时间花在阅读上就都能收获惊人的成绩，
Instead, most people seem to learn better if they're taught in several ways, especially if one is visual.
相反，大多数人通过多种呈现方式，尤其是视觉呈现方式，似乎学得更好。
In one study, researchers tested whether students remembered lists of words better if they heard them, saw them or both.
在一项研究中，研究人员通过听、看、听看相结合三种方式来测试哪种方式能让学生更好地记住单词。
And everyone seemed to do better if they got to see the words in print.
结果显示，学生们在看到打印出来的单词时记忆效果最好，
Even the self identified auditory learners, their preference didn't seem to matter.
即使是那些自认为是听觉学习者的学生。所以说，偏好似乎无关紧要。
Similar studies tested whether students learned basic physics and chemistry concepts better
类似的研究还测试了学生在阅读纯文本和看图片两种呈现方式下对基本物理化学概念的记忆，
by reading plain text or viewing pictures to and everyone do better with the help of pictures.
结果显示图片的呈现方式对学生的记忆更有帮助。
16. Why do psychologists and educators study learning styles?
16. 心理学家和教育者为什么要研究学习风格？
17. What does the speaker say about one study mentioned in the 2008 review?
17. 关于2008年的报告，叙述者讲述了什么？
18. What message does the speaker want to convey about learning at the end of the talk?
18. 叙述者在最后想要传达什么有关学习的内容？
