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Thus the same illustrator might accompany a positive statement one moment and a negative one the next. This is not the case with emblems, which have the same precise meaning on all occasions for all members of a group, class, culture or subculture.
因此，同一个说明性动作可能在此时伴随着一句肯定的话出现，在彼时却伴随一句否定的话出现。而在象征性动作中，情况就不同了。象征性动作在所有场合对于某个群体、某个阶级、某种文化或亚文化群都表达同样的含义。
Emblems are used consciously. The user knows what they mean, unless, of course, he uses them inadvertently. When Nelson Rockefeller raised his middle finger to a heckler, he knew exactly what the gesture meant, and he believed that the person he was communicating with knew as well.
人们有意识地使用象征性动作。当然，除非出现轻率乱用的情况，动作使用者知道它们的含义。当纳尔逊·洛克菲勒向一位诘问者竖起中指时，他完全清楚这个手势的含义，他也相信和他交流的这个人也同样明白。
The three of us are working on a dictionary of emblems. ...In looking for emblems, we found that it isn't productive simply to observe people communicating with each other, because emblems are used only occasionally. And asking people to describe or identify emblems that are important in their culture is even less productive. Even when we explain the concept clearly, most people find it difficult to recognize and analyze their own communication behavior this way.
我们三人正在编写一部关于象征性动作的词典……在寻找象征性动作的过程中，我们发现，只是一味去观察人们的互相交流沟通并没多大作用，因为象征性动作只是偶尔才被用到。而要求人们描述或识别其文化中重要的象征性动作更是收效甚微。甚至当我们清晰地解释了这个概念时，大多数人还是觉得用这种方法认识并分析他们自己的交际行为很困难。
Instead, we developed a research procedure that has enabled us to identify emblems in cultures as diverse as those of urban Japanese, white, middle-class Americans, the preliterate South Fore people of Papua, natives of New Guinea, Iranians, Israelis and the inhabitants of London, Madrid, Paris, Frankfurt and Rome. The procedure involves three steps.
相反，我们开发出一种研究程序，使我们能够识别出极具多样性的文化中的象征性动作：如日本的城市届民、美国的白人中产阶级、巴布亚岛上没有文字的南福勒人、新几内亚岛的土著人、伊朗人、以色列人以及伦敦、马德里、巴黎、法兰克福和罗马的居民。这个程序包括三个步骤。
Give a group of people from the same cultural background a series of phrases and ask if they have a gesture or facial expression for each phrase: "What time is it?" "He's a homosexual." "That's good." "Yes." And so on.
（第一步）给来自相同文化背景的一组人一系列短语，并询问他们是否有某个手势或面部表情来表达每个短语，如“现在几点啦”、“他是一个同性恋”、“很好”、“是”等等。
