1. In the Middle Ages, science was
cramped by ignorance and superstition.
中世纪时，科学的发展受到无知和迷信的束缚。
2. "life and the memory of it
cramped, /dim, on a piece of Bristol board" (Elizabeth Bishop); it can also apply to a source of light to indicate insufficiency.
“生活及其回忆在一块上等板纸上束缚着、模糊着”（伊丽莎白大主教）；它也能用于被表示不足光线的来源。
3. All farmed chickens, turkeys, and pigs spend their brief lives in dark and crowded warehouses, many of them so
cramped that they can't even turn around or spread a single wing.
大部分农场里的鸡，火鸡，和猪，短暂的一生都生活在黑暗狭小的空间里，它们生活得如此拥挤，甚至不可能转身，或伸展开单只的翅膀。
