1. 基本区别
三者均可表示“除了”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”;而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”:
Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他。
You can park anywhere except [but] here. 只有这里不能停车。
但是,在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……外不再有…… ”,与but, except 同义:
No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。
2. 关于 but 与 except
两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别:but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分:
All are here but one. 除一个人外大家都到了。
All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。
另外,在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等。
② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等。
③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等。
④ all, none 等。
⑤ who, what, where 等。
Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。
No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。
但是 except 却没有以上限制:
正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。
误:The window is never opened but in summer.
3. 关于 except 与 except for
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意:
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。
若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首,另外but也不能用于句首):
Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
n. 作文,著作,组织,合成物,成份