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The ethics of surgical practice are complex and can be approached from a variety of theoretical frameworks.
外科医生的行为道德准则较为复杂，并含有多种理论框架。
The most commonly applied framework for the evaluation of ethical dilemmas for individual patient decisions in medicine, known as "the principles approach" involves four principles：autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice, as promulgated by Beauchamp and Childress (2001).
就评估医生的“伦理困境”来说，最常使用的理论框架是“伦理准则”，在比彻姆与柴尔德里斯发表的医学著作中，将这些准则总结为：“自主、正义、行善及不伤害”。
A detailed analysis of these principles is beyond the scope here；however, the need for a code of medical ethics that is distinct from general societal ethics is the basis for medical professionalism.
本文不涉及此四项原则的具体分析，然而，医学道德准则异于一般社会道德，是掌握医学专业素养的先决条件。
Five features of medical relationships provide the moral imperatives that underlie the requirement for a professional ethical code separate from other forms of business.
医患关系的五大特征体现了构成医疗职业道德准则的责任基础，区别于其它行业。
One,the inequality in medical knowledge, and attendant vulnerability, of the patient；
第一，病患对医理的掌握，以及病患自身状况参差不齐；
Two,the requirement for the patient to trust the physician,known as the fiduciary nature of the relationship； ?
第二，病患要相信医生，这也被称之为“信托关系”；
Three,the moral nature of medical decisions that encompass both the technical aspects of health management and the ultimate effect on the patien's life?
第三，医学道德准则既包括技术层面，还将最终影响病患生命；
Four,the nature of medical knowledge as a public property that physicians receive in order to apply to the practical improvement of patient's lives;
第四，作为一种公共财产，医生需要用医理来治病救人；
Five,the moral complicity of the physician in the outcome of the prescribed care in that no formal medical care can take place without the physician's collusion.
第五，医生的伦理道德是治病救人的先决条件；
Because of these characteristics of the relationship between physicians and their patients, physicians must adhere to a set of ethical constraints specific to their profession.
由于医患关系的种种特征，医生必须要遵守一系列道德约束。
While these imperatives are not generally understood explicitly by patients, patients can clearly grasp when these principles are in danger.
普遍情况下，病患不会对这些要点一一明了，但若有医生违反准则，病患自然清楚。
They may even be suspicious that their physician or surgeon has competing motives to the patient's best interest.
在保证病患权益上，病患甚至会怀疑医生拥有矛盾性动机。
One of the goals of the physician-patient interaction is to allay these fears and construct a trusting relationship based on the patient's needs, within the principles noted above.
医患沟通的目的之一就是要缓解病人的紧张感，在准则允许的范围内，以病患需求出发，建立互信关系。
译文属可可英语原创，未经允许，不得转载。
