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Hikikomori in Japan
日本“宅”青年
Hikikomori ，literally "pulling inward, being confined" is a Japanese term to refer to the phenomenon of reclusive adolescents or young adults who withdraw from social life, often seeking extreme degrees of isolation and confinement. The term hikikomori refers to both the sociological phenomenon in general as well as to people belonging to this societal group.
隐蔽青年（字面意思为“往内拉”或“被限制”）是一个日语单词，指的是青少年或者年轻人退离社会生活的一种隐居现象。他们常常追求极度的与世隔绝和避居。“hikikomori”这个词既是指一般的社会学现象，也是指属于这类社会群体的人。Otaku：宅男
reclusive ：独处的; 隐居的
eg：All that neighbours knew about the reclusive man was that he had lived in the building for about 20 years.
关于那名隐居者邻居们所知道的就是他已经在那栋楼里住了大约二十年了。
withdraw from ：退出 eg：I don't know if he will withdraw from the race.我不知道他是否将退出比赛。
注：societal ：社会的 较“social”更为正式，更加刻意
The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare defines hikikomori as people who refuse to leave their house and, thus, isolate themselves from society in their homes for a period exceeding six months.
日本厚生劳动省把“hikikomori”定义为拒绝离开家的人，以及因此把自己隔离在家里超过六个月的人。
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare ：日本厚生劳动省（健康、劳动和福利部）是负责医疗卫生和社会保障的主要部门，办公地址在东京都千代田区霞关2丁目。 厚生劳动省设有11个局7个部门，主要负责日本的国民健康、医疗保险、医疗服务提供、药品和食品安全、社会保险和社会保障、劳动就业、弱势群体社会救助等职责。
The psychiatrist Tamaki Saito defines hikikomori as "A state that has become a problem by the late twenties, that involves cooping oneself up in one’s own home and not participating in society for six months or longer, but that does not seem to have another psychological problem as its principal source."
精神病学家斎藤玉木宏认为“hikikomori”是人在二十八九岁时一种已成为难题的状态。这种状态包括把自己关在家中以及不参与社会活动长达六个月或者更久。但是作为问题的主要来源，它却并不会导致其它的心理问题。
late twenties ：20几岁的晚期，也就是28、29岁
The boy cultivated himself to be a man in his late twenties.男孩在二十八九岁时把自己培养成了男子汉
coop up ：coup是笼子，coop up 指把。。。关起来 Coop up the Dog 把狗锁起来
More recently, researchers have suggested six specific criteria required to "diagnose" hikikomori:
最近，研究人员为诊断“hikikomori”提出六种特定标准的建议：
1. Spending most of the day and nearly every day confined to home
1.几乎每天的大部分时间都关在家里
2. Marked and persistent avoidance of social situations
2.明显表现出持久躲避与社会交际的情境
3. Symptoms interfering significantly with the person’s normal routine, occupational (or academic) functioning, or social activities or relationships
3.症状严重影响正常的生活作息、职业上或者学术上的正常运作、社会活动或社交关系
4. Perceiving the withdrawal as ego-syntonic
4.认为这种退缩方式属于自我认可
5. Duration at least six months
5.持续时间不少于六个月
6. No other mental disorder that accounts for the social withdrawal and avoidance.
6.没有其他的精神疾病致使这种退隐和躲避行为
While the degree of the phenomenon varies on an individual basis, in the most extreme cases, some people remain in isolation for years or even decades. Often hikikomori start out as school refusals, or futoko in Japanese. The Ministry of Health estimates that about 3,600,000 hikikomori live in Japan,about one third of whom are aged 30 and older.
虽然这种现象的程度因人而异。但是在一些极端的情况下，一些人隔离自己长达数年，甚至几十年。通常，“隐蔽青年”始于那些被学校拒绝接收的人（日语：futoko）。卫生部估计，日本大约有360万的“隐蔽青年”，占了30岁和30岁以上人口的1/3/
While hikikomori favor indoor activities, some venture outdoors on occasion. The withdrawal from society usually starts gradually. Affected people may appear unhappy, lose their friends, become insecure, shy, and talk less.
虽然“隐蔽青年”喜欢室内活动，但偶尔也有外出的时候。这种退离社会往往是一步步开始的。受印象的人可能会表现出不开心，失去朋友，变得没有安全感、害羞和寡言少语。
补充：转换法
指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。
如：
（1）我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)
（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.
孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)
（3）由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)
（4）I’m all for you opinion.
我完全赞成你的意见。（介词转动词）
（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.
改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。（动词转名词）
（6）In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.
作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（形容词转名词）
（7）In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.
在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语态转主动语态）
（8）时间不早了，我们回去吧！
We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型转换)
（9）学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词)
