（2） “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”

两个定语从句：as we call it 放在先行词the scientific revolution之前翻译
that expanded…… 分译

contends：如果不认识，可以翻译成“说”，因为前后都有引号

译文：新学派的一位领导人认为：“简而言之，我们所谓的科技革命，在很大程度上是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用在各个方面都拓展了科学范围”。
“名词+介词+名词+定语从句”：定语从句99％用来修饰第一个名词”

注意：
1、定语从句的翻译方法

(1)合译：把定语从句放到被修饰词之前

(2)分译：定语从句单成一句，先行词重复一下

2、定语从句先行词判断方法（并非100％适用）

（1）、He opposed some proposals for opening the economy, like starting a stock market, that were embraced only after he lost power.

先找名词，再根据定语从句的谓语动词的单复数判断先行词的单复数，则先行词为“proposals”

译文：他反对某些开放经济的提议，如创建股票市场，这些提议只有在他下台之后，才被人们所接受。

（2）、It assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

根据定语从句谓语动词单复数，易于判断which引导的从句用语修饰account，此处account表示讲述、评论。
译文：他假定人们对人权有一个统一的看法，而这种看法根本就不存在。

（3）、这所大学的任务是培养德智体全面发展，能熟练运用外语从事外事和文化交流工作的合格人才。

翻译时先找主干：这所大学的任务是培养人才(The university aims to turn out qualified graduates )。

译文：The university aims to turn out qualified graduates that are all-roundly/well developed in morality, intellect and physique, and that are able to use proficiently foreign languages in foreign affairs and cultural exchanges.

翻译词要根据具体情况，如“文明”一词，文明小区“model”；讲文明“politesse, manners”；

（4）汉语中的题型“……是……”

两种方法：“……，which……”或“it is……”

谋求和平与发展、加强对话与合作，是各国人民的普遍愿望。

It is the universal wish of all the nations to achieve peace and development and strengthen dialogues and cooperations.

巩固与东盟面向和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系，推进互利互惠的全方位合作，是中国将长期坚持的基本外交政策。

China shall consolidate its strategic partnership with the ASEAN in the direction of peace and prosperity, and promote mutually benefiting cooperation in an all-round manner, which is China’s long-term and basic foreign policy.