The Battle of the GUI

图形用户界面之争

At that time, Microsoft was producing an operating system, known as DOS, which it licensed to IBM and compatible computers. It was based on an old-fashioned command line interface that confronted users with surly little prompts such as C:\>. As Jobs and his team began to work closely with Microsoft, they grew worried that it would copy Macintosh’s graphical user interface. Andy Hertzfeld noticed that his contact at Microsoft was asking detailed questions about how the Macintosh operating system worked. “I told Steve that I suspected that Microsoft was going to clone the Mac,” he recalled.

从与微软打交道的第一天开始，乔布斯就在担心微软会盗用麦金塔电脑的图形用户界面并开发自己的版本。微软当时已经开发出了DOS操作系统，并授权给和兼容电脑使用。DOS系统采用老式的命令行界面，会显示出小而呆板的系统提示符，如C:\>。乔布斯及其团队担心微软会抄袭麦金塔的图形界面的思路。安迪·赫茨菲尔德注意到，微软方面的联系人就麦金塔操作系统如何运作询问了太多细节问题，这令苹果更感忧虑。“我跟史蒂夫说，我怀疑微软打算抄袭Mac，”赫茨菲尔德回忆说，“但是他并不那么担心，因为他觉得，就算有Mac作为范本，微软也没有能力做出像样的操作系统。”但事实上，乔布斯也感到担心，非常担心，只是不想表现出来。

They were right to worry. Gates believed that graphical interfaces were the future, and that Microsoft had just as much right as Apple did to copy what had been developed at Xerox PARC. As he freely admitted later, “We sort of say, ‘Hey, we believe in graphics interfaces, we saw the Xerox Alto too.’”

他的担忧不无道理。盖茨相信，图形界面是未来的方向；他觉得，微软完全有权像苹果一样，仿照施乐PARC所开发的东西，开发自己的图形界面。后来，盖茨坦率地承认：“我们多少是这么想的，‘嘿，我们也看好图形界面，我们也见识过施乐PARC的成果。’”

In their original deal, Jobs had convinced Gates to agree that Microsoft would not create graphical software for anyone other than Apple until a year after the Macintosh shipped in January 1983. Unfortunately for Apple, it did not provide for the possibility that the Macintosh launch would be delayed for a year. So Gates was within his rights when, in November 1983, he revealed that Microsoft planned to develop a new operating system for IBM PCs featuring a graphical interface with windows, icons, and a mouse for point-and-click navigation. It would be called Windows. Gates hosted a Jobs-like product announcement, the most lavish thus far in Microsoft’s history, at the Helmsley Palace Hotel in New York.

麦金塔最初定于1983年1月发布。在双方最开始的合同中，乔布斯说服盖茨同意，一年之内微软不得将任何图形软件卖给其他公司。但对苹果来说不幸的是，他们没有想到麦金塔会推迟一年发布。因此，1983年11月，盖茨宣布微软计划为IBM个人电脑开发Windows操作系统，此举完全在其杈利范围内。Windows操作系统采用图形界面，有窗口、图标和可以指向并点击的鼠标。盖茨在纽约赫尔姆斯利大饭店（HebnsleyPalaceHotel）主持了一次乔布斯风格的产品发布会，这是微软当时所举办的最豪华的发布活动。当月，他还在拉斯维加斯举行的计算机分销商展览会（COMDEX）上发表了自己的首次主题演讲，盖茨的父亲当时在现场帮助播放幻灯片展示。在题为“软件人体工程学”的演讲中，他说计算机图形将“超级重要”，界面将更加友好，鼠标将成为所有电脑的标配。

Jobs was furious. He knew there was little he could do about it—Microsoft’s deal with Apple not to do competing graphical software was running out—but he lashed out nonetheless. “Get Gates down here immediately,” he ordered Mike Boich, who was Apple’s evangelist to other software companies. Gates arrived, alone and willing to discuss things with Jobs. “He called me down to get pissed off at me,” Gates recalled. “I went down to Cupertino, like a command performance. I told him, ‘We’re doing Windows.’ I said to him, ‘We’re betting our company on graphical interfaces.’”

乔布斯对此很愤怒。他知道自己无计可施——微软有权这么做，因为微软答应不做图形操作软件的合同即将到期。尽管如此，他仍然对微软进行了猛烈的抨击。他命令迈克·贝尔奇（MikeBoich）“叫盖茨马上过来”；贝尔奇负责向其他软件公司宣传苹果。盖茨来了，一个人，而且愿意和乔布斯讨论问题。“他叫我来是想冲我发脾气，”盖茨回忆说，“我来到库比蒂诺，就好像自己应该来一样。我告诉他，‘我们在做Windows操作系统。’我对他说，‘我们把整个公司都押在了图形界面上。’”

They met in Jobs’s conference room, where Gates found himself surrounded by ten Apple employees who were eager to watch their boss assail him. Jobs didn’t disappoint his troops. “You’re ripping us off!” he shouted. “I trusted you, and now you’re stealing from us!” Hertzfeld recalled that Gates just sat there coolly, looking Steve in the eye, before hurling back, in his squeaky voice, what became a classic zinger. “Well, Steve, I think there’s more than one way of looking at it. I think it’s more like we both had this rich neighbor named Xerox and I broke into his house to steal the TV set and found out that you had already stolen it.”

他们的会面地点在乔布斯的会议室。盖茨发觉自己被十名苹果员工包围着，他们迫切想看到乔布斯和他对质。赫茨菲尔德说：“史蒂夫开始对比尔大呼小叫的时候，我看得很入迷。”乔布斯役有辜负围观员工的期望。“你在盗用我们的东西！”他叫喊道，“我信任你，而你却在偷我们的东西！”赫茨菲尔德回忆道，盖茨只是冷静地坐着，直视史蒂夫的眼睛，接着他用刺耳的声音反驳道：“好了，史蒂夫，我觉得我们可以换一种方式来看待这个问题。我觉得现在的情况更接近于这样一我们都有个有钱的邻居，叫施乐，我闯进他们家准备偷电视机的时候，发现你已经把它盗走了。”后来，这段话成了一个经典的反驳。

Gates’s two-day visit provoked the full range of Jobs’s emotional responses and manipulation techniques. It also made clear that the Apple-Microsoft symbiosis had become a scorpion dance, with both sides circling warily, knowing that a sting by either could cause problems for both. After the confrontation in the conference room, Gates quietly gave Jobs a private demo of what was being planned for Windows. “Steve didn’t know what to say,” Gates recalled. “He could either say, ‘Oh, this is a violation of something,’ but he didn’t. He chose to say, ‘Oh, it’s actually really a piece of shit.’” Gates was thrilled, because it gave him a chance to calm Jobs down for a moment. “I said, ‘Yes, it’s a nice little piece of shit.’” So Jobs went through a gamut of other emotions. “During the course of this meeting, he’s just ruder than shit,” Gates said. “And then there’s a part where he’s almost crying, like, ‘Oh, just give me a chance to get this thing off.’” Gates responded by becoming very calm. “I’m good at when people are emotional, I’m kind of less emotional.”

乔布斯的情绪化反应和操控人的技巧，在盖茨为期两天的造访中都爆发了出来。两人此次的交涉也清晰地表明，苹果和微软的共生关系就如两只蝎子跳舞，双方都小心翼翼地周旋，他们知道无论谁出刺都会给双方造成问题。在会议室对峙后，盖茨私下平静地向乔布斯演示了研发中的Windows操作系统。“史蒂夫不知道该说些什么，”盖茨回忆道，“他完全可以说，‘哦，它违反了某些协议。’但是他没有。他当时说的是，‘哦，它可真是一堆狗屎。’”盖茨听了很髙兴，因为这样他就有机会暂时让乔布斯平静下来。“我说，‘是的，它是堆可爱的狗屎。’”听盖茨这么一说，乔布斯又百感交集。“在这次会面的过程中，他粗鲁无礼至极，”盖茨回忆说，“接着，有那么一会儿他几乎都快哭了，就好像在说，‘哦，就让我宣泄一下自己的痛楚吧。’”盖茨则变得非常平静。“别人情绪激动的时候，对我更有利，因为我比较不容易激动。”

As he often did when he wanted to have a serious conversation, Jobs suggested they go on a long walk. They trekked the streets of Cupertino, back and forth to De Anza college, stopping at a diner and then walking some more. “We had to take a walk, which is not one of my management techniques,” Gates said. “That was when he began saying things like, ‘Okay, okay, but don’t make it too much like what we’re doing.’”

乔布斯提议两人一起出去好好走走，一般他想要进行严肃谈话的时候都会如此。他们在库比蒂诺的街道上走了很久，在迪安扎学院来来回回，他们停下一起吃了晚饭，然后又接着往前走。“我们不得不边走边说，但这并非我所擅长的，”盖茨说道，“这时候他开始说，‘好吧，好吧，只是你们别搞得太像我们做的东西了。’”

As it turned out, Microsoft wasn’t able to get Windows 1.0 ready for shipping until the fall of 1985. Even then, it was a shoddy product. It lacked the elegance of the Macintosh interface, and it had tiled windows rather than the magical clipping of overlapping windows that Bill Atkinson had devised. Reviewers ridiculed it and consumers spurned it. Nevertheless, as is often the case with Microsoft products, persistence eventually made Windows better and then dominant.

事实上，微软直到1985年秋季才发布Windows1.0操作系统。即使花了这么长时间进行开发，它仍然是一款劣质产品。它缺乏麦金塔界面的优雅，窗口平铺；相比之下，麦金塔采用的是比尔·阿特金森设计的神奇的重叠窗口。因此，评论家嘲笑它，消费者唾弃它。然而，就像微软的其他产品一样，Windows操作系统因为他们的不懈努力，后来主宰了整个操作系统领域。

Jobs never got over his anger. “They just ripped us off completely, because Gates has no shame,” Jobs told me almost thirty years later. Upon hearing this, Gates responded, “If he believes that, he really has entered into one of his own reality distortion fields.” In a legal sense, Gates was right, as courts over the years have subsequently ruled. And on a practical level, he had a strong case as well. Even though Apple made a deal for the right to use what it saw at Xerox PARC, it was inevitable that other companies would develop similar graphical interfaces. As Apple found out, the “look and feel” of a computer interface design is a hard thing to protect.

乔布斯从未走出这场愤怒。“他们完完全全盗用了我们的东西，因为盖茨没有廉耻。”事情发生近30年后，乔布斯这样对我说。盖茨得知后，回应道：“如果他觉得自己说的是事实，那么他还真是走进了自己的现实扭曲力场。”从法律意义上来说，盖茨没错，多年来，此案的法律裁决都判定盖茨无错。而在现实情况中，盖茨的说法也很合理。尽管苹果公司签署了合同，有权使用自己在施乐PARC看到的东西，但其他公司也必然会开发出相似的图形界面。正如苹果公司所发现的，无论在法律上还是现实中，计算机界面设计的“外观和感觉”都很难受到保护。

And yet Jobs’s dismay was understandable. Apple had been more innovative, imaginative, elegant in execution, and brilliant in design. But even though Microsoft created a crudely copied series of products, it would end up winning the war of operating systems. This exposed an aesthetic flaw in how the universe worked: The best and most innovative products don’t always win. A decade later, this truism caused Jobs to let loose a rant that was somewhat arrogant and over-the-top, but also had a whiff of truth to it. “The only problem with Microsoft is they just have no taste, they have absolutely no taste,” he said. “I don’t mean that in a small way. I mean that in a big way, in the sense that they don’t think of original ideas and they don’t bring much culture into their product.”

不过，乔布斯的沮丧之情也可以理解。苹果公司一直以来在执行上更富创新，更有想象力，也更有品位，而且他们的设计也更好。但是，虽然一开始微软只做出了一系列粗制滥造的复制品，它最终还是臝得了操作系统之争。这一事实说明世界并非完美：最好最创新的产品并非总是赢家。这也致使乔布斯在此事十年后对微软大肆批判，虽然他说的话多少有点儿夸张，但也有几分道理。“微软唯一的问题就是他们没有品位，一点儿都没有，”他说，“并不是狭义上的没有品位，而是广义上的，他们没有独到的见解，也不会在产品中注入多少文化……因此，我想自己之所以感到难过并不是因为微软成功了，我对他们的成功没有异议，大部分都是他们应得的。我难过的是，他们做的确实只是三流的产品。