评论
打印
In 184, the Yellow Turban Rebellion occurred, which was a peasant rebellion against the Eastern Han Dynasty in the reign of Emperor Ling. It was named for the color of the scarves which the rebels wore around their heads.
爆发于公元184年的黄巾起义是农民反抗灵帝统治的汉王朝的武装斗争，因起义农民头裹黄色丝巾而得名。
Since the rebels were associated with secret Taiping Taoist societies, the rebellion also marked an important event in the history of Taoism.
起义者与太平教（一个秘密道教组织)关系密切，为此黄巾起义也是道教发展史上的重要事件。
After the death of Du Wu, Emperor Ling became a puppet manipulated by eunuchs.
窦武死后,灵帝成为宦官的傀儡。
In order to secure the throne, he tried to please eunuchs, going so far as to refer to one of them as his father.
为了保住自己的皇位,灵帝极力讨好宦官，竟称宦官为父亲。
Thus, the eunuchs extorted money from the people unscrupulously.
宦官们更是肆无忌惮的搜刮民财。
The corrupt imperial court, the landlords’ oppression along with the successive natural disasters made it impossible for the people to live on, so many of them rose up to revolt.
朝廷的腐败，地主豪强的压迫，再加上接二连三的天灾，百姓没法生活下去，被迫起来反抗。
At the end of the Eastern Han, Zhang Jiao of Julu (modern Pingxiang in Hebei Province) established a secret Taoist sect — Tai Ping Dao , declaring himself to be Great Teacher. He traveled around the country propagating his faith and dispensing free treatment to the sick.
东汉末年，巨鹿（今河北平乡）人张角创太平道，自称大贤良师，在各地传教，并免费给穷人看病。
In ten year or so, Tai Ping Dao spread more than half the country, and enlisted several hundreds of thousands of followers.
十余年间，太平道传遍了大半个中国，各地信徒发展到几十万人。
In order to start up rebellion, Zhang Jiao divided the whole country into 36fang (section) with a bigger consisting of more than 100 000 persons and a smaller one 6 000 ~ 7 000.
为了发动起义，张角全国分为三十六方，大方有10000余人，小方 6 000?7 000人。
Meanwhile he brought forward a slogan, “The Blue Sky has perished, the Yellow Sky will soon rise； in this year of Jia Zi (i. e. , the year 184), let there be prosperity in the world !”（ Blue Sky was referred to the Eastern Han and Yellow Heaven to the Yellow Turbans), which was an obvious call for peasants uprising a-gainst the Eastern Han court.
张角又提出口号：“苍天已死，黄天当立，岁在甲子，天下大吉。” (“苍天”指东汉王朝，“黄天”指太平道），用来鼓动广大农民起来革命。
He also sent Ma Yuanyi, to the Capital Luoyang and other places to see that everything was in order.
同时派马元义到京师洛阳和各地查看起义准备情况。
The uprising had been set on March the fifth, 184, but had to be launched in February ahead of schedule, for the betrayer, Tang Zhou, informed against the Yellow Turbans.
张角原定于公元184年3月5日起义。可是由于叛徒唐周告密，决定提前于2月间起义。
Zhang Jiao called himself ‘‘Heavenly General”，his younger broth-ers Zhang Bao, “General of the Earth” and Zhang Liang, “General of AAen”，who assisted him in the rebellion.
张角自称“天公将军”，其弟张宝称“地公将军”，张梁称“人公将军”。
In less than a month, the movement took hold with people responding from all over the country, and the uprising progressed rapidly.
不到一个月的时间，各地民众纷纷响应，起义浪潮迅速席卷全国。
The peasant uprising shocked the imperial court.
黄巾起义后，汉灵帝和宦官们十分恐慌。
On one hand，Emperor Ling mustered troops to defend the capital; on the other hand，he appointed generals Huangpu Song, Zhu Jun and Lu Zhi to attack the Yellow Turban forces.
他们一面调集军队，保卫京师洛阳；一面以皇甫嵩、朱隽、卢植为中郎将，率军进攻黄巾军。
Huangpu Song and Zhu Jun had an army of 40 000. In the attack on Ying-chuan, Zhu Jun was defeated, while Huangpu Song was besieged in Changshe (modern Changge in Henan Province).
皇甫嵩和朱隽共有4000万余人，在进攻颍川黄巾时，朱隽被击败，皇甫嵩被围困在长社(今河南长葛）城中。
With the help of reinforcements, they conquered the Yellow Turbans, slaughtering tens of thousands of rebels.
后来他们得到支援，大败黄巾军，屠杀起义农民有数万之多。
The imperial court had dispatched Lu Zhi to fight against Zhang Jiao, yet the attack yielded no victory.
朝廷派卢植进攻张角，结果大败。
Then the unsuccessful Lu Zhi was replaced by Dong Zhuo, who also suffered a failure.
朝廷撤了卢植的职，另派董卓进攻张角，亦被张角打败。
Finally, Huangpu Song was moved to attack Zhang Jiao.
朝廷再调皇甫嵩进攻张角。
At that time, Zhang Jiao died of illness, and the rebellious army was led by Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao.
此时，张角病死，起义军由张梁和张宝率领。
Huangpu Song sprang a surprise attack put more than 80 000 insurgents, including Zhang Liang, out of action.
皇甫嵩用偷袭的办法打败了黄巾军，张梁战死,黄巾军英勇牺牲的有80000 多人。
The Y Turbans retreated to Xiaquyang(the west of modem Jinxian County in Hebei), only to suffer another defeats when encountered with Huangpu ’ s army there. Zhang Bao was killed in the battle, and several hundred thousand of his men were killed, wounded or captured.
起义军退至下曲阳（河北晋县西），皇甫嵩再行进攻，张宝战死，所部死伤被俘的有十余万人。
After nearly nine months of fierce battles, the main force of the Yellow Turban Army was wiped out, but the flame of peasants uprisings were far from extinguished. Many armed insurgent units kept on fighting.
经过近9个月的激战，黄巾军的主力已基本被消灭，可是革命的烈火却已经燃烧起来了，各地的斗争前赴后继。
By 192, there were still 300 000 or more Yellow Turbans operating in present-day Shandong.
至192年，还有30多万黄巾军在今山东地区活动。
Thirteen years later, the Heishan (Black Hill) Army in central-south Hebei still numbered upwards of 100000.
13年后河北中南部的黑山军亦有部众10万人。
Despite the failure of the Yellow Turban uprising, it shook the Eastern Han Dynasty regime to its foundations. Its days were numbered.
黄巾起义虽然失败了，但却动摇了东汉政权的统治基础，其灭亡已是指曰可待。
As a result of the Yellow Turbans, northern China was devastated, and the military leaders were prepared for the struggle among the warlords.
由于黄巾起义，北方地区遭受到巨大的破坏，各地豪强拥兵自重，相互争斗。
When Emperor Ling died in 189, Empress Dowager He took over regency, in-stalling Lingdi’s young son 13-year-old Liu Bian as emperor.
公元189年，灵帝驾崩，何太后临朝，立灵帝13岁的儿子刘辩为帝。
He Jin, brother of the Empress Dowager, thought that the time had come to get rid of eunuchs definitely, and in order not to repeat the failure of 168，he invited Dong Zhuo to command his troops to enter and garrison in the capital Luoyang.
何太后的哥哥何进认为清除宦官的时机已到。为避免重蹈公元168年之覆辙，何进邀董卓率兵进驻洛阳。
However, the information was leaked to the eunuchs, who acted first and had He Jin killed.
不料走漏了消息，何进先为宦官所杀。
The powerful eu-nuchs being without military support, Yuan Shao and his brother Yuan Shu broke into the palace with their forces and killed more than 2 000 eunuchs.
但是太监并无兵权，袁绍和其弟袁术率兵人宫，诛杀2000多名太监。
Not long after that, Dong Zhuo entered Luoyang, who deposed Emperor Shao and put Liu Xie, Xiandi on the throne.
不久，董卓率兵人洛阳，废少帝刘辩，立刘协为帝，是为汉献帝。
By intimidation and brutal force, Dong Zhuo gained his own position at the court ensured, while most men of rank had left the capital.
董卓独揽大权，残暴专横，多数大臣已离开京城。
Bureaucratic official throughout the country launched punitive expeditions against Dong one after another, and the situation of separatist warlord regime came into being eventually. The Eastern Han Dynasty endured only nominally and soon gave way to the Three Kingdoms.
各地官吏纷纷举兵讨伐董卓,逐步形成了诸强割据的局面，统一的王朝已名存实亡，魏蜀 吴三国鼎立局面很快形成。
