习语(idiom)是作为一个单位使用, 意义不能从其独立的组成部分得出的一种表达法。习语和固定表达(fixed expression)是不能随意改动的,其语序和语法结构不能随意改变,更不能增减或替换其中的词汇。除非说话人或作者开玩笑或故意玩文字游戏,如: There was too much buck passing.(正常的习语是pass the buck=推诿责任),否则在使用时习语通常不能进行如下几种情况的改动:
改变词序: fight tooth and nail(拼命厮打)→
fight nail and tooth
删词: spill the beans(有意或无意泄露机密)→
spill beans
增词: face the music(勇敢面对困难)→
face the classical music
替换: rain cats and dogs (倾盘大雨)→
rain cats and pigs
改变语法结构: follow the crowd (随大流)→
the crowd was followed
但固定表达和谚语不同于习语,它们的意思通常比较容易推断。如 Ladies and Gentlemen (女士们,先生们), Generally speaking (一般而言), Time and tide wait for no one. ( 时不我待 ) 等等。 同时固定表达的使用又都与特定的情境和语域有关。如 Merry Christmas,年年有余等。 当然,固定表达和谚语的意思不是各个单词意思的简单叠加,我们必须把它当作一个整体来推断其含义。
在英汉习语翻译中,译者遇到的第一个难题是认出习语。有些习语比较容易辨认,比如:
1.违背常理的句子
It's raining cats and dogs .
天下倾盘大雨。
My neighbours are continually quarrelling, but it is usually a storm in a tea-cup .
我的邻居们老是争吵不休,常常是为了点小事儿大吵大闹。
There is no need to jump down his throat, it wasn''t his fault.
没有必要对他发火,那不是他的过错。
2.违背语法规则的表达
He was blown to kingdom come.
他被炸死了。
A lot of the fellows that went to the Saturday night discos spent more time leaning on the wall or drinking in the bar than tripping the light fantastic and so the girls danced with each other, or got fed up and stopped going.
许多去参加周末迪斯科夜总会的人大多数时间不是跳舞,而是靠着墙边站着或者在酒吧间里喝酒,姑娘们只好自己搭档跳舞,有的厌倦了干脆不来了。
I'm afraid this sudden wet weather has put paid to ( =finish, destroy ) our picnic.
恐怕这突如其来的雨天已使我们的野炊泡汤了。