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layer
n.层；地层 v.分层堆积
The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge, movable segments, called plates, which float on a soft plastic layer of rock.
地壳分裂成为巨大可移动的板块，板块在柔软的岩石可塑层中漂移。
insects-insect
n.昆虫
Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit,
对于小型昆虫而言，它们更容易攀爬到小枝小叶中寻找食物，花朵或水果，
but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.
但在争夺食物中，小型哺乳动物并不是大个子的对手，它们可在茂盛枝叶中捕捉食物。
ability
n.能力；才能
Ekman argued that the ability to accurately recognize the emotional content of facial expressions was valuable for human beings.
埃克曼认为，准确捕捉脸部情感信息对人类极为珍贵。
generally
adv.通常，普遍地，逐渐地；一般来说
Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra.
林木线以上区域通常被叫作高山冻原。
applied-apply
vi.使用；适用于vt.使用
application
n.申请(表，书)
To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations
通过了解生态系统稳定，人类可以了解其它系统的稳定情况。
transportation
n.运输
transport
v.传送，运输
Transportation networks began to decline.
交通网开始减少。
methods-method
n.方法；秩序
The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time.
新商业方法包括更严格的时间观念。
manufacturing-manufacture
vt./ n.(大量)制造
manufacturers-manufacturer
n.制造商
After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.
1815年之后，老式制造业开始被机械化工厂替代，工厂工人无需技能，或半熟练技能。
contributed-contribute
v.有助于
contributions-contribution
n.贡献
Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes.
甚至连生物都会促进景观形成。
quality
n.品质，特质
They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.
比起生产速度，他们更注重生产质量。
marine
adj.海的；航海的；海产的
submarine
n.海底生物
Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud.
微观有机物沉积在海底，在海泥中不断累积。
mammals-mammal
n.哺乳动物
The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines.
热带雨林上层被称之为“华盖”，它也是大量中型爬行动物栖息地，包括猴子、猫科以及豪猪。
established-establish
v.建立，制定
establishment
n.确立；设施
Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire.
一旦橡树建成，轻度干旱，甚至是大火还是可以抵御的。
extinction
n.消失
extinct
adj.灭绝的
This break in Earth's history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct.
在地球历史上，曾出现过大规模灭绝期，达一半物种灭绝。
complex
adj.复杂的，合成的n.复合物，综合体
complexity
n.复杂；复杂性
Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.
除了洞穴绘画，在旧石器时代晚期，人们还制作了大量其它艺术品，其中更是为复合思维提供证据。
climate
n.气候
climatic
adj.气候上的
A fundamental difference between Whigs and Democrats involved the importance of the market in society.
“共民”两党的最主要区别就是市场的重要性区别。
relatively
adv.相当地；比较而言
relative
adj.相对的，有关系的
To suggest that wind turbines result in relatively few bird deaths
风力涡轮机的鸟死亡率很低
