讲义
定语部分知识程度检验

小试牛刀

1.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like.

排除词汇干扰：
1）unsubstantiated [,ʌnsəb‘stænʃieitid] adj. 未经证实的；
2）synthetic [sin‘θetik] adj.合成的，人造的；
3）fertilized [‘fə:rtilaizd] adj.受精的
4）fumigate [‘fju:miɡeit] v.用烟熏消毒

2.The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.

排除词汇干扰：
1）periphery [pə‘rifəri] n.外围，边缘；
2）spark [spɑ:k] v.激发，引起
3）sprawl [sprɔ:l] n.蔓延

长难句阅读障碍消除之：同位语

同位语

定义：对一个名词或句子进行解释说明的另一个名字。

1）定义
2）识别

3）处理

识别：对一个名词或句子进行解释说明的另一个名字。

格式：
A, B, Alex, our English teacher, is doing his best to be a better teacher.
2. A--B-- Beijing – the capital of China – is suffering severe air pollution.
3. A or B

4. 同位语从句

n + that + 完整句子

n + when/how/whether…

The news that Alex was addmited by stanford makes my parents happy.

长难句阅读障碍消除之：同位语

同位语

定义：对一个名词或句子进行解释说明的另一个名字。

1）定义
2）识别

3）处理

例: I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.“

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

长难句阅读障碍消除之：同位语

同位语

同位语和定语从句对比：

1）定义
2）识别

3）处理

1.The suggestion (that he should start at once) was advanced by the director.

2.The suggestion （that he put forward at the meeting) has been turned down.

1. 性质不同
2. 是否做成分
3. 引导词不同

长难句阅读障碍消除之：同位语

同位语

练习：

1）定义
2）识别

3）处理

例1： Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.因对语言和思维的关系感兴趣，沃夫形成了这样一个观点，即在一个社会中语言结构决定习惯思维模式

例2： All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. 可是仍然没有一个有思想的人能否决他们自己最初的主张：即人们感情世界里的巨变要求语言表达方式随之变化。

同位语

第一次课堂知识程度检验

小试牛刀

3： But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

排除词汇干扰：
ichthyosaur [‘ikθiəsɔ:(r)] n. 鱼龙；

4： In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. 17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。


排除词汇干扰：
1）organ [‘ɔ:ɡən] n. 风琴；
2）clavichord [‘klævikɔ:d] n.古钢琴；
3）harpsichord [‘hɑ:psikɔ:d] n.大键琴；
4）supremacy [sju‘preməsi, sə-] adj.至高无上的；
5）supplant [sə‘plɑ:nt, -’plænt] v.代替