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1. Just asexercise strengthensthe heart and lungs,bones andmuscles,itmay alsopower upthe brain.A succession ofscientificstudies of animals suggeststhatphysical activityhas a positive effecton mentalfunctioning.
1、正如（just as）运动能强心、健肺、固骨、壮肌一样（strengthen 加强；巩固），运动也能健脑（power up 加电）（主语it，即是从句中的exercise）。对动物的一系列（a successionof）科学研究（这一大串主语是单数）表明(suggests)，体育活动对智力的发挥（on mental functioning）有积极作用（that引导宾语从句）。
2. “It’s clearthatthebrainbenefitsfromexercise，”says brain scientistWilliam Greenoughof the Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Hisstudies with ratshavedemonstratedtwo primary effects ofactivity: vigorous physical exerciseprovidesthe brainwithmore fuel, andskill-basedexerciseincreasesthe formation of connectionsin the brain,which,according tothe proposals ofsome scientists，may make thebrain better able to process information.
2、伊利诺伊大学香槟分校的脑科学家威廉•格里诺(WG)说，“很明显，运动使大脑受益(benefit from)。”(it是形式主语，真正的主语是thebrain benefits from exercise)他对老鼠的研究已经表明(demonstrated)运动具有两大功效：(1)运动量大的体育运动给大脑提供更多的动力（provide with 供给），(2)而技巧性的运动则增强大脑神经的联结。依照某些科学家的见解，这种联结能使大脑更好地处理信息(which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰the formation of connections，which是从句的主语)。
3. In one experiment, laboratory rats wereseparatedintothree groups. One group wasexercisedbyrunning inside an automatic wheel, a second group improved their skillsin a complicated obstacle course，and a third group wasinactive.
3、在一个实验中，实验鼠被分成三组（separate into 把…分成）：第一组在自动轮中跑动，第二组通过一种复杂的越障训练来提高技能，第三组则不做任何运动。
4. “The animalsthatlearned to go through the obstacle course exhibiteda greater number of brain connectionsthanthe animalsin the exercised or inactive groups，” Greenough said，“In contrast, the animalsthatexercised inside the automatic wheel possesseda greater density of blood vessels in the brainthan dideither of the other two groupsof animals.”
4、“与跑动的和不运动的老鼠相比，经过越障训练的老鼠脑神经联结数更多。”（exhibit vt. 显示；that引导定语从句）格里诺说，“相比之下（in contrast），在自动轮中跑动的老鼠比其他两组的老鼠之一，其大脑的血管密度更大。”(possess vt. 拥有，具有；bloodvessels 血管；did可能用于强调)
5.Learninganew dance stepmay boostthe brainin the same waythatlearninga languagecan, he says. Andifthedance is a good physical exerciseaswell, the benefits multiply. Young brainsmay be especially able toboost brain power through exercise,suggestedanother of Greenough’ s experimentsthatshowedthe most significant changes in the brainoccurredamong ratsthathad been exercised whenvery young. Andwhileanimalsaren’t people, he saysit is logical to make the inferencethatan effectfoundin ratsmay alsoapplytohumans.
5、他说，学习一种新的舞步和学习一种语言一样（in the same way 同样地），都能促进大脑发展(boost vt. 促进)。如果这种舞蹈还是（as well）一种良好的体育运动，则益处加倍(multiply vi.)。据格里诺的另一组实验显示（suggested another of Greenough’ s experiments），年轻的大脑尤其(especially)能够通过运动来增强能力。这组实验（that引导定语从句，在从句中做主语，指“这组实验”）表明，从小就锻炼的（that had been exercised when veryyoung中that引导的定语从句修饰rats）老鼠，其大脑的变化最为显著（或译为：这组实验表明，大脑的最显著变化（the most significant changes）是在从小就锻炼的老鼠中间产生的）。他说尽管(while)动物不是人，但依此推断(make theinference)(that引导的定语从句修饰the inference)在老鼠身上发现的（found in rats，过去分词作定语）功效同样适用于（apply to）人也合乎逻辑。(或译为：他说，尽管动物不是人，但在老鼠身上发现的功效同样适用于人的推断是合乎逻辑的。)
6.Human studieshavefocusedprimarilyonolder adults and suggestthatregular exercise can improve thespeedwith whichthe brainprocesses information. Measurementsmadeby Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois demonstratethatinactive adults，aged 63 to 82, could hit buttonsfesterin response toa toneafterthey wentthrougha 10-week water exercise course.Acorrespondingcontrol groupthat didn’t exercise showedno improvement.
6、对人类的研究主要集中在老年人身上(focus on 集中于)，其结果表明(that 引导宾语从句)，经常锻炼能提高大脑处理信息的速度（with which引导定语从句，修饰the speed）。伊利诺伊大学阿瑟•克雷默测量的结果证明(made by Arthur Kramer atthe University of Illinois过去分词作定语，修饰measurements)，63至82 岁的不运动的成年人，在完成为期十周的水上运动课程之后，听音击键的反应加快了(in responseto 响应；对…有反应)。而另一组相应的、未经锻炼的受控人群则不见任何提高。
7. This boostin reaction timeafterexercise trainingmayoccurbecausedeclinesassociated withgettingoldcould actually stem from declinesin physical condition. Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental functionoften attributedtogetting oldmay really be penalty ofneglecting to stayphysically active,in addition torelatedfactorssuch asmedicines andpoor diet.
7、接受运动训练之后，人的反应速度会加快，这可能是因为与衰老有关的(associated withgetting old过去分词作定语，修饰declines)机能衰退实际上根源于(actually stem from)体质下降(两个declines都是名词，第一个declines是原因状语从句的主语，第二个是宾语)。一些科学家推测(speculate)，除了如（such as）药物作用和饮食不当（poor diet）等相关因素外(in additionto 除…之外)，常常被归咎于（过去分词attributed to getting old作定语，修饰the reductionin mental function）衰老而导致的大脑功能下降实际可能是对不注意保持体育运动的(neglecting tostay physically active; neglect n. & vt. 疏忽，忽视；stay vt. 坚持)一种惩罚(may reallybe penalty of; penalty n. 处罚；罚款)。
8. “In older people, an exercise programappearsimportant forbrain maintenance，” says DanielM. Landers, professor of exercise scienceatArizona State University,whorecently published an articlereviewingthe scientific literature on activity’s effect on the brain.
8、亚利桑那州立大学的运动学教授丹尼尔•兰德斯说，“对老年人来说，锻炼计划对维持大脑功能显得(appears)非常重要。”他最近发表了一篇文章，回顾并评述了有关运动对大脑的影响的科学文献(现在分词reviewing词组作定语，修饰an article)。
9. Numerous studies showthatchildrenwhoengage inregularphysical activitydo betterin schoolthantheir inactive classmates. Butuntil recently, the academic edgegained by participating in sportswas thought tocome fromtheincreasedself-confidence,the better moodandthe ability to concentrate that comesfrom burning off steam in exercise. Now, however, some scientistshave revisedtheir way ofthinking, andpoint topossible physical connections.
9、许多研究表明，经常进行体育锻炼(who engage inregularphysical activity；由who引导的定语从句，修饰children)的孩子，在学业上（in school）比他们那些不活动的同学优秀。但直到最近，人们还认为（was thought to）因参加体育运动而获得(gained byparticipating in sports 过去分词作定语，修饰the academicedge; gain by 通过…获得; participatein 参加，参与)的学业优势（the academic edge）来自于(come from)增强的自信(theincreasedself-confidence)、更好的心态，以及由运动时消耗体力所带来（that comesfrom burning off steam in exercise定语从句，修饰concentrate）的集中注意力的能力(ability to 有…的能力)。而现在，一些科学家修正了(revised)他们的看法，表示这可能与体育运动促进神经联结有关。
10.Pierce J. Howard, another expert,saysnew researchindicatesthatphysical exerciseincreasesthe amount ofcertain brainchemicalsthat stimulate growth ofnerve cells.Consequently, the brains of peoplewho exercisemay be betterequippedto tackle mental challenges.
10、另一名专家皮尔斯·J·霍华德说，新的研究表明（indicates），体育锻炼提高了大脑中激发神经细胞生长(that stimulate growth ofnerve cells定语从句，修饰the amount of certainbrain chemicals)的某些脑化学物质的含量。(第一个that引导宾语从句，physicalexercise是从句的主语。)因此，那些进行锻炼(who exercise定语从句，修饰the brains of people)的人的大脑可能更有能力(may be betterequipped;equip vt.装备，配备)应付各种智力挑战(to tackle mentalchallenges不定式作宾语)。
11.Inactivitymay also havenegative effects onmind and bodyalike. “Scientists recognizethatmind is body, and body is mind, “ commentsHoward. The mostbeneficialforms of exercise, he says,engageboth.
11、不活动对大脑和身体都可能有负面影响(negative effects)。“科学家们都认识到(recognize)，心即是身，身即是心，”霍华德评价道(commentvi. 发表评论)。他说，最有益的运动形式是身心兼顾（engagevt. 使参加；使从事于）。
