TOURISM
Modern means of transportation, communication, advertising and credit have all played a part in the growth of a giant new industry, tourism. Tourism is a service industry. It does not sell a product that you can own but provides services on a temporary basis. The customer gets such things as a seat on a plane, a room in a hotel, and a chance to sit on a beach in the sunshine.
Until modern times, a trip was often a long and difficult adventure. People had to travel by horse or camel or on foot. The first development in modern transportation was the steamship. More recently, automobiles and planes have made travel both faster and more convenient.
Advertising has played a large part in the growth of tourism, when hotels and travel agencies began to advertise the attractions of different tourist areas, the airlines and other transportation companies advertised the low fares to reach them. Modern means of communication have enabled the travellers to reserve a plane seat or a hotel room from a long distance. And they can travel now and pay later by using their credit cards. All these means have become one of the features of modern life.

旅游业
现代交通、通信、广告以及信用手段对新兴的庞大的行业——旅游业的发展起到了作用。旅游业是一种服务业。它并不出售你可以拥有的产品，而是提供暂时的服务。顾客可以得到诸如飞机上的座位、旅馆里的房间以及在海滩晒太阳的机会。
直到近代，旅行还常常是个漫长而又艰难的历险。人们不得不靠着骑马、骑骆驼或步行去旅行。现代交通工具的首次飞跃是轮船。在最近些时候，汽车和飞机使旅行变得既快又方便。
广告业对旅游业的发展起了很大作用。当旅馆和旅行社做旅游胜地的广告时，航空公司和其他运输公司就做开了到达这些地方的便宜票的广告。现代通信手段使得游客可以从遥远的地方预定机座和旅馆房间。他们可以先旅行然后再用信用卡付帐。所有这些手段都形成了现代生活的特色之一。

SHOPPING
— Hello, you two. Where have you been?
— We've just been to the shop.
— What did you buy?
— I bought some envelopes and a bottle of ink.
— How much is the ink?
— Twenty-three cents.
— I must go and get a bottle too. I've run out of ink.

购物
— 嗨，你们两个，去哪儿了？
— 我们刚刚去商店了。
— 买什么了？
— 我买了一些信封和一瓶墨水。
— 墨水多少钱一瓶？
— 两毛三。
— 我也得去买一瓶。我的墨水用完了。

NOTES TO THE TEXT

Tourism 旅游业
本文主要讲了促进现代旅游业发展的几个主要因素。
topic sentence 中心句，提纲挈领的句子。topic sentence一般出现在文章的开头或段落的开头，它的作用是帮助读者在一开始就能抓住文章的主题或者段落大意。

Modern means of transportation, communication, advertising and credit have all played a part in the growth of a giant new industry, tourism. 现代交通、通讯、广告以及信用手段对新兴的庞大行业——旅游业的发展起到了作用。
主语——modern means。means意思是“方式”或者“手段”，单复数形式相同。
of transportation, communication, advertising and credit是介词短语，修饰前面的modern means。
play a part in意思是在什么方面发挥了作用，这里play用了动词的现在完成时。
tourism是industry的同位语，是对industry所作的补充说明。
industry通常的意思是“工业”，在这里的意思是“行业”。

Tourism is a service industry. 旅游业是一种服务业。
宾馆、餐饮等一般性的服务行业不能称为“service industry”，而要称为“service trades”。

It does not sell a product that you can own but provides services on a temporary basis. 它并不是出售你可以拥有的产品，而是提供临时的服务。
这是一个并列句，两个并列分句由并列连词but连接，前一个分句中的that you can own是一个定语从句，修饰前面的product。
on a temporary basis 意思是“临时的，暂时的”，在句中作状语，修饰动词provides，类似的短语还有：
on a friendly basis 在友好的基础上
Both parties made negotiations on a friendly basis. 双方在友好的基础上进行谈判。
on a regular basis 定期的
He gives business reports to his boss on a regular basis. 他定期向他的老板作业务汇报。

The customer gets such things as a seat on a plane, a room in a hotel, and a chance to sit on a beach in the sunshine. 顾客可以得到这样的东西，比如飞机上的座位，旅馆时里的房间，以及在海滩上享受日光浴的机会。
customer在这里用单数，且前面加定冠词the，指某一个人。such things as意思是“诸如……之类的东西”。例如：
You’d better get rid of such a bad habit as smoking. 你最好去掉像抽烟这样的坏习惯。（get rid of意思是“去掉”）
He felt nervous on such an occasion as this. 他在这样一个场合中感到紧张。
He can speak several languages such as English, German and French. 他能说几种语言,比如英语、德语和法语。
动词不定式短语to sit on a beach in the sunshine修饰前面的chance。
促进旅游业发展的因素主要有四个：transportation，communication，advertising和credit。

Until modern times, a trip was often a long and difficult adventure. 在近代以前，旅行还常常是一种漫长而又艰难的历险。
until在句中引导的介词短语在句中作时间状语；modern times是指自近代以来至今的历史时间跨度常常统称为“近现代”，在这里是指“近代”；time的复数形式times意思是“时代”，例如：Hard Times 《艰难时世》

People had to travel by horse or camel or on foot. 当时，人们不得不靠骑马、骑骆驼或者步行来旅行。
had to是have to的过去式，意思是“不得不，必须”；
have to与must的比较：与must相比，have to含有“不得已而必须……”的意思；have to有时态上的变化，而must没有；二者后都要加原形动词作谓语。例如：
I must finish this work before 5 o’clock. 我必须在五点种以前完成这份工作。（must强调主观意志）
I have to finish this work before 5 o’clock. 我不得不在五点种以前完成这份工作。（have to暗示有客观上的原因）

The first development in modern transportation was the steamship. 现代交通工具的首次发展是轮船。
steamship是指“靠蒸气机动力驱动的船”。

More recently, automobiles and planes have made travel both faster and more convenient. 再近些时候，汽车和飞机使得旅行变得更快，更方便了。
more recently是recently的比较级形式，意思是“更近些时候”，另外，faster和more convenient也分别是fast和convenient的比较级形式。
have made是make的现在完成时，make在这里是个具有使动意味的动词，意思是“使……变得……”。
both...and... 表示“……和……两者都……”或者“不仅……而且……，既……又……”。例如：
I like both classical and pop music. 我既喜欢古典音乐也喜欢流行音乐。
This place is both noisy and crowded. 这地方又吵又挤。
He both smokes and drinks. 他既抽烟又喝酒。
Both my sister and I love sports. 我和我妹妹都喜欢运动。

When hotels and travel agencies began to advertise the attractions of different tourist areas, the airlines and other transportation companies advertised the low fares to reach them.
advertising 意思是“广告业”，不指具体的广告；
an advertisement (an ad) 一条广告
a commercial 广告（一般指商业广告）

When hotels and travel agencies began to advertise the attractions of different tourist areas, the airlines and other transportation companies advertised the low fares to reach them. 当旅馆和旅行社开始为旅游胜地作广告时，航空公司和其他运输公司也作起了去那些地方的低价旅行票广告。
这是一个主从复合句，when引导的是一个时间状语从句，在这个从句中，不定式作began的宾语；主句中的不定式短语to reach them作fares的修饰语；them指代tourist areas。

Modern means of communication have enabled the travellers to reserve a plane seat or a hotel room from a long distance. 现代化通讯手段使得游客可以从遥远的地方预订飞机座位或者旅馆房间。
have enabled是动词enable的现在完成时，enable意思是“使……能够……”；
a long distance 在这里意思是“距离远的地方”； long distance直译是“长距离”。例如：
a long distance call 长途电话
make a long distance call 打长途电话

And they can travel now and pay later by using their credit cards. 他们可以先旅行，后用信用卡付账。
连词and用于句首时起承上启下的作用，含有“还……，接着……，于是……”的意思，多数情况下不必译出。
they指上句中的“the travellers”。now不必译成“现在”，它和later对应，表示时间上的先后。介词by表示方式，其后跟的是动名词短语。
动名词using是use的动名词形式，构成形式和现在分词一样；所谓动名词就是在语法意义上作名词讲但又兼有动词的功能，后面可以带宾语。
credit card = plastic card 信用卡
几种国际上著名的信用卡：
Master Card 万事达卡
Visa Card 维扎卡
American Express 美国通运卡

NOTES TO THE DIALOGUE

go shopping / do shopping （泛指）买东西
do window shopping 在商店浏览（不作购买）；go shopping for... 买……,例如：
I went shopping for some vegetables this morning.今天上午我去买了一些蔬菜。
一些和shopping有关的词组：
shopping bag 购物袋
shopping cart (美) / trolley （英）购物手推车
shopping list 采购单
shopping center 商场，购物中心
shopping mall 大型购物区，一般只限于行人活动，车辆不能入内。

Hello you two. Where have you been? 喂，你们俩，刚才去哪儿了？
you two 你们俩（同位语结构）
Where have you been? 你们去哪儿了？不能用Where have you gone?

We’ve just been to the shop.
比较：
He has gone there. 他去那儿了。（人已经走了，不在这儿）
He has been there. 他去过那儿。（曾经去过，现在可能并不在那儿）
We’ve just been to the shop. 我们刚刚去过商店。（to是介词）
have / has been to do... 去干过……,例如：
We’ve been to visit some friends. 我们去看过几个朋友。
She’s been to see the doctor. 她去看过医生。

How much is the ink?
How much... 用于提问不可数名词，比如问价钱；How many... 用于提问可数名词。比较：
How many days will you have off for the spring holiday? 你们春假放几天？
How much time do you usually spend on your way to work? 你在上班的路上通常要花多少时间？

I must go and get a bottle too. I’ve run out of ink. 我也得去买瓶墨水，我的已经用完了。
在口语中and经常用于come，go和try等动词后表示目的，get的意思是“买”,例如：
Come and have a drink. 过来喝上一杯。
Go and fetch some chairs. 去拿几把椅子来。
Will you get some envelopes for me when you go to the post office? 你去邮局的时候能替我买上几个信封吗？
run out of 用完了……,例如：
He is running out of money. 他的钱快用完了。

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