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The Romans and the Samnites fought on and off for 50 years all over southern Italy.
罗马人和萨谟奈人一直在意大利南部打了50年的战争
And the outcome was not a foregone conclusion.
结果出人意料
At the battle of the Caudine Forks in 321 BC,
公元前321年的卡夫丁峡谷战役
the Samnites wiped out an entire Roman army.
萨谟奈人消灭了整个罗马军队
Once the Romans finally beat the Samnites for good in 290,
一旦罗马人真正击败萨谟奈人那是公元前290年的事了
they refused to grant the Samnites the usual generous peace terms.
罗马人拒绝给予萨谟奈人通常的宽容和平条款
The Samnites responded by nursing their injuries and plotting revenge.
萨谟奈人的回应是愈合自己的伤口，进行复仇
The Romans were also invaded twice by Gauls out of the north.
罗马也被入侵了两次入侵者是北方的高卢人
In 386 BC, Rome itself was occupied.
公元前386年，罗马被占领了
In desperation, the Romans elected the General Camillus who had been in exile as dictator.
绝望之下，罗马选举卡美卢斯将军他曾经作为独裁官被流放
Under Camillus, the Romans drove off the Gauls
在卡美卢斯的领导下，罗马人赶走了高卢人
and paid them very well to stay away from Rome.
而且狠狠回击，让高卢人远离罗马
After saving Rome, Camillus just gave up his dictatorship and went back to the farm in the very best Roman tradition.
在拯救了罗马之后，卡美卢斯放弃了独裁官的职位，回到农田上这符合罗马的传统
Between 290 and 284 BC,
在公元前290年到284年
Rome fended off another Gallic tribe out of the north called the Senones.
罗马躲开了另一个高卢部落的进攻这个部落被称作塞农人
Roman victory in the Pyrrhic wars of 282 through 272 BC first undertaken
罗马在皮洛士战争中获胜这场战争从公元前282到272年
to guard Rome's sphere of influence in southern Italy,
目的是保护罗马在意大利南部的势力范围
effectively made Rome
这样一来
the master of all Italy for good.
罗马就掌握了整个意大利
During these wars of conquest, the Romans captured many prisoners, which were simple to deal with.
在征服战争中罗马俘获的很多俘虏这些俘虏很好处理
They became slaves.
变成奴隶
Dealing with the defeated city-states, however,
然而，处理战败的城邦国
would become a big problem.
是一个很大的问题
So would dispensing the ager publicus, or farmland conquered during the war.
处理战争中获得的公地或者农田也是个麻烦
The term ager publicus means literally public land.
ager publicus意思是公田
Somehow, it wound up in private hands.
通过某些方法，公田变成私有
The early Romans had never dreamed that their state would become so powerful,
早期罗马人从没想到自己的国家会如此强大
since Rome's wars over the years had occurred with no particular pattern,
因为罗马在过去都没有特定的发展模式
the Romans had not established a set procedure
罗马人还没有建立一套程序
for dealing with the territories they had won
处理这些获得的土地
and the allies they had made along the way.
以及他们一路上建立的盟友
Some problems could be handled by increasing the number of magistrates,
增加审判官的数量可以解决一些问题
or by letting conquered city-states continue to rule themselves under Roman guidance.
或者让战败的城邦国在罗马的指导下继续自行统治
But the sheer inconsistency of Rome's arrangements eventually caused a great deal of grief.
但是回合罗马的安排有一定偏差最终会导致大量的问题
For one thing, as I've adumbrated,
我说过的一件事
the ager publicus tended to wind up not in the government's hands,
公地可能最终不在政府的掌握中
but in the hands of the conquering generals and friends of the conquering generals.
而是在获胜的将军或者将军的朋友手中
Sometimes, the Romans established colonies;
有时，罗马会建立殖民地
settlements full of Roman citizens, which became independent cities.
里面住满了罗马公民之后就变成了独立的城市
Some lucky city-states were granted full Roman citizenship with all of its benefits;
一些幸运的城邦国得到保证能够得到完全罗马公民权，享受福利
right to Roman justice, the right to marry a Roman,
罗马正义的权利，和罗马人结婚的权利
the right to do business with Romans, and the right to vote in Roman elections,
和罗马人做生意的权利以及选举的权利
along with the obligations;
同时还要承担义务
the obligation to pay taxes and serve in the army.
纳税和服兵役的义务
A number of city-states got partial citizenship usually the so-called Latin rights, which usually did lead to Roman citizenship.
很多城市获得部分公民权通常是所谓的拉丁权利最终会获得罗马公民权
