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Domestic police departments, under the influence of a series of Supreme Court rulings have long since been forced to get by without resort to the third degree,
在最高法院的干涉下已经有很长一段时间国内警察局没有是用疲劳审问等方式
and had involved other methods of questioning suspects that have demonstrated their effectiveness. One might interject here that the limitations on
而是使用了其他的刑讯手段并且效果不错有人也许认为Rodef
Rodef discussed by Weintraub seem to apply to situations that involve the use of extreme physical force such as could cause permanent injury or death,
三项限制原则似乎适用于使用极端的能够造成永久性伤害或者死亡的体罚
and that certain restrictions might not apply to the very techniques of humiliation and pressure the CIA and military have been using.
而不适用于中情局和军方使用的侮辱和施加高压等手段
It is at this point that Weintraub supplements her argument by incorporating analyses of Jewish legal position on human dignity, public shaming and self incrimination.
在这方面Weintraub补充了她的看法将犹太法中对人类尊严 公开侮辱和和自证其罪的相关内容加入论证
Two points here stand out because I can't go into all of that in detail.
因为不可能面面俱到这里有两点我想强调一下
The first is the seriousness with which the Talmud takes shame and humiliation claiming that anyone who shames his fellow it is as if he spilled blood.
第一点是关于塔木德经中侮辱他人的严重性任何侮辱他人者就如同犯杀人罪一样
The second is the Jewish tradition's total ban on confession in contrast to the weaker American restrictions on self incrimination.
第二点是犹太传统中对招供的禁止跟美国对自证其罪的相对宽松的限制有人认为犹太人对招供的禁止的历史渊源
It has been argued plausibly that the historical origins of the Jewish Ban on confession as evidence in a period when
可以追溯到犹太人受罗马人刑讯逼供 这就使得犹太人禁止将虐待作为
Jews regularly suffered torture by Roman hands signalled an attempt to prohibit Jews from using torture themselves as a means of extracting confessions.
获得供词的手段 现在我想暂时放下Weintraub的论证以及
But I'd like to move now from the content of that by Weintraub's argument and of the Halakha itself into a more formal discussion.
犹太法律 进入更加正式的讨论 Weintraub论证的方式可能有点近乎诡辩
Whereby Weintraub's style of reasoning may be characterised as broadly casuistic but with additional philosophical elements,
但是有着哲学的因素她确信一个前提但是并没有明确说出那就是上帝按照他的形象创造了人类
she begins with an unstated conviction that God has created all human beings in his image and that the Jewish tradition constitutes a divinely inspired conversation about how to live in light of this knowledge.
犹太人创造了在神的启发下的一系列谈话 来告诉人们如何生活 她很大程度上是在传统的
