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课程介绍:
本课介绍了俄国历史上著名的几位统治者和他们对俄国发展作出的贡献，反映了14-17世纪间俄国的政治、经济与文化发展。
原声视频：
vt. 使适应，改编
vi. 适应，适合
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- But it's not unusual for religions to adapt themselves to their believers customs.
- 但是宗教回归传统这一做法却并不罕见
- In 1653, Nikon decided to restore all authentic Greek Orthodox practices.
- 1653年，尼康决定要恢复所有真正的希腊正教传统
- From that point on, for instance, the sign of the cross was to made with not two fingers, but with three fingers as in other orthodox countries.
- 从那时开始，比如说，十字架标志不允许用两只手指摆出，而是要像其他正教国家一样用三根手指
- The name of the Savior was no longer to be spelled ISUS but as IISUS and so on.
- 救主的名字不再拼写为ISUS，而是IISUS等等
- Most Russian Orthodox believers resented these changes.
- 大多数俄罗斯正教信仰者非常反感这些变化
- Why should the third Rome go back to Byzantine traditions?
- 为什么第三个罗马帝国非得学习拜占庭帝国的传统呢
- Many fought the reforms bitterly, sometimes even to the death.
- 很多人奋力反抗这次改革，有人甚至为之牺牲
- Even after Nikon fell from grace in 1658, the church council maintained that the changes were necessary.
- 即使在1658年尼康下台之后，教会委员会仍然坚持这些改变是有必要的
- In 1667, those who believed in the old customs were formally excommunicated from the Russian Orthodox Church and forbidden to have priests.
- 1667年，那些信仰老传统的人被正式逐出俄罗斯东正教会，并且剥夺他们拥有牧师的权利
- Many such old believers fled or were exiled to other countries,
- 许多人逃跑了，还有一些被放逐到别的国家
- some even hold themselves up in their homes or churches and burn themselves to death.
- 有些人甚至把自己关在家里，或是教堂里，然后自焚而死
- Russia, though, was merely on the verge of far more radical change.
- 但是俄罗斯帝国正面临着更加剧烈的变革
- Segment 18c: Peter the Great.
- 章节18c：彼得大帝
- Tsar Alexei died in 1676, seceded by his eldest surviving son Fyodor the Third.
- 阿列克谢于1676年去世，他的长子费多尔三世继位
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