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Hi, I'm Craig and this is Crash Course Government and Politics.
嗨，我是克雷格，这是《政府和政治速成课》。
And today we're going to talk about a fundamental concept to American government: federalism.
今天我们要讨论美国政府的一个基本概念：联邦制。
Sorry. I'm not sorry. You're not even endangered anymore.
对不起。我不后悔。你甚至不再濒临灭绝。
Federalism is a little confusing because it includes the word, "federal"; as in federal government,
联邦制有点令人困惑，因为它包含了“联邦”这个词，联邦政府就有这个词，
which is what we use to describe the government of the United States as a whole.
这就是我们用来描述整个美国政府的方式。
Which is kind of the opposite of what we mean when we say federalism.
这与我们所说的联邦制的意思正好相反
Confused? Google it.
困惑吗？去查谷歌。
This video will probably come up. And then just watch this video.
这个视频可能会解释。然后看这个视频。
Or, just continue watching this video.
或者说继续看这个视频。
So what is federalism?
联邦制是什么？
Most simply, it's the idea that in the US, governmental power is divided between the government of the United States and the government of the individual states.
最简单的说法是，在美国，政府权力被划分为美国政府和各州政府。
The government of the US, the national government, is sometimes called the federal government,
美国政府，国家政府，有时被称为联邦政府，
while the state governments are just called the state governments.
州政府被称为州政府。
This is because technically the US can be considered a federation of states. But this means different things to different people.
这是因为从技术上讲，美国可以被视为一个州的联邦。但这对不同的人意味着不同的事情。
For instance, federation of states means ham sandwich to me.
例如，联邦州对我来说就是火腿三明治。
I'll have one federation of states, please, with a side of tater tots. Thank you. I'm kind of dumb.
请给我一个联邦州三明治，还有一个土豆泥。谢谢你！我有点蠢。
In the federal system, the national government takes care of some things, like for example, war with other countries and delivering the mail,
在联邦系统中，国家政府负责处理一些事情，例如，与其他国家的战争和邮件投递，
while the state government takes care of other things like driver's license, hunter's licenses, barber's licences, dentist's licenses, license to kill - nah, that's James Bond.
而州政府则负责其他事情，比如驾照，猎人执照，理发师执照，牙医执照，杀人执照——不，那是詹姆斯·邦德。
And that's in England. And I hope states don't do that.
这是在英国。我希望各州不要这样做。
Pretty simple right? Maybe not.
很简单对吧?也许不是。
For one thing, there are some aspects of government that are handled by both the state and national government.
一方面，政府的某些方面是由国家和国家政府共同处理的。
Taxes, American's favorite government activity, are an example.
税收，美国人最喜欢的政府活动，就是一个例子。
There are federal taxes and state taxes.
有联邦税和州税。
But it gets even more complicated because there are different types of federalism depending on what period in American history you're talking about.
但它变得更加复杂因为联邦主义有不同的类型，取决于你所谈论的美国历史时期。
UGH! Stan! Why is history so confusing!? UGH!
啊！斯坦！为什么历史如此混乱！？啊！
Stan, are you going to tell me? Can you talk Stan?
斯坦，你能告诉我吗？你能说斯坦吗？
Basically though, there are two main types of federalism.
基本上，联邦制有两种主要形式。
Dual federalism, which has nothing to do Aaron Burr, usually refers to the period of American history that stretches from the founding of our great nation until the New Deal.
与亚伦·伯尔无关的二元联邦制，通常指的是美国历史上从建国到新政的那段历史。
And cooperative federalism, which has been the rule since the 1930s.
合作联邦制，自20世纪30年代以来一直是规则。
Let's start with an easy one and start with dual federalism in the Thought Bubble.
让我们从一个简单的开始，从思想泡泡中的二元联邦主义开始。
From 1788 until 1937, the US basically lived under a regime of dual federalism,
从1788年到1937年，美国基本上生活在二元联邦制度下，
which meant government power was strictly divided between the state and national governments.
这意味着政府权力被严格地划分为国家和国家政府。
Notice that I didn't say separated, because I don't want you to confuse federalism with the separation of powers.
注意我没有说分权，因为我不想让你们把联邦制和权力分立混为一谈。
DON'T DO IT!
不要这样做！
With dual federalism, there are some things that only the federal government does and some things that only the state governments do.
在二元联邦制度下，有些事情只有联邦政府做，有些事情只有州政府做。
This is sometimes called jurisdiction.
这有时被称为管辖权。
The national government had jurisdiction over internal improvements like interstate roads and canals, subsidies to the states,
国家政府对内部改善有管辖权比如州际公路和运河，对各州的补贴，
and tariffs, which are taxes on imports and thus falls under the general heading of foreign policy.
还有关税，关税是对进口的征税，因此属于外交政策的大标题。
The national government also owns public lands and regulates patents which need to be national for them to offer protection for inventors in all the states.
国家政府还拥有公共土地并管理专利，这些专利必须是国家专利，才能为所有州的发明者提供保护。
And because you want a silver dollar in Delaware to be worth the same as a silver dollar in Georgia,
因为你想让特拉华的一美元和佐治亚的一美元等值，
the national government also controls currency.
国家政府还控制着货币。
The state government had control over property laws, inheritance laws, commercial laws, banking laws, corporate laws, insurance,
州政府控制着财产法，继承法，商法，银行法，公司法，保险，
family law, which means marriage and divorce,
家庭法，意味着婚姻和离婚，
morality -- stuff like public nudeness and drinking - which keeps me in check --
道德——比如公共场合的粗鲁和酗酒——这让我受到了约束
public health, education, criminal laws including determining what is a crime and how crimes are prosecuted,
公共卫生、教育、刑法，包括确定什么是犯罪以及如何起诉犯罪，
land use, which includes water and mineral rights, elections, local government,
土地使用，包括水和矿业权，选举，地方政府，
and licensing of professions and occupations, basically what is required to drive a car, or open a bar or become a barber or become James Bond.
专业和职业的许可，基本上就是开车，开酒吧，做理发师或者做詹姆斯·邦德所需要的。
So, under dual federalism, the state government has jurisdiction over a lot more than the national government.
所以，在二元联邦制度下，州政府的管辖范围比国家政府要大得多。
These powers over health, safety and morality are sometimes called police power and usually belong to the states.
这些关于健康、安全和道德的权力有时被称为警察权力，通常属于各州。
Because of the strict division between the two types of government, dual federalism is sometimes called layer cake federalism.
由于两类政府之间的严格划分，双重联邦制有时被称为层饼式联邦制。
Delicious.
美味。
And it's consistent with the tradition of limited government that many Americans hold dear.
这与许多美国人珍视的有限政府的传统是一致的。
Thanks. Thought Bubble.
谢谢，思想泡泡。
Now, some of you might be wondering, Craig, where does the national government get the power to do anything that has do to with states?
现在，你们中的一些人可能想知道，克雷格，国家政府从哪里得到权力去做与国家有关的事情?
Yeah, well off the top of my head, the US Constitution in Article I, Section 8 Clause 3 gives Congress the power
是的，在我看来，美国宪法第3章第8部分第3款赋予了国会权力
"to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes."
管理与外国、几个州之间以及与印第安部落之间的贸易
This is what is known as the Commerce Clause, and the way that it's been interpreted is the basis of dual federalism and cooperative federalism.
这就是所谓的商业条款，它的解释方式是二元联邦制和合作联邦制的基础。
For most of the 19th century, the Supreme Court has decided that almost any attempt by any government, federal or state, to regulate state economic activity would violate the Commerce Clause.
在19世纪的大部分时间里，最高法院裁定，几乎任何政府、联邦或州的任何监管州经济活动的企图都将违反《商业条款》。
This basically meant that there was very little regulation of business at all.
这基本上意味着对商业的监管非常少。
FREEDOOOOOOMM!
自由！
And this is how things stood, with the US following a system of dual federalism, with very little government regulation and the national government
事情就是这样，美国遵循双重联邦制度，几乎没有政府监管，只有国家政府
not doing much other than going to war or buying and conquering enormous amounts of territories and delivering the mail.
除了去打仗或购买和征服大量的领土和递送邮件，没有做什么。
Then the Great Depression happened.
然后大萧条发生了。
Franklin Roosevelt and Congress enacted the New Deal, which changed the role of the federal government in a big way.
富兰克林·罗斯福=和国会通过了《新政》=，在很大程度上改变了联邦政府的角色。
The New Deal brought us cooperative federalism, where the national government encourages states and localities to pursue nationally-defined goals.
新政给美国带来了合作联邦制，在那里，国家政府鼓励各州和地方政府追求国家规定的目标。
The main way that the federal government does this is through dollar-dollar bills, y'all.
联邦政府这样做的主要方式是通过美元纸币。
Money is what I'm saying.
我想说的是钱。
Stan, can I make it rain? Yeah? All right, I'm doing it.
斯坦，我能洒钱雨吗？是吗？好吧，我正在做。
I happen to have cash in my hand now.
我手头正好有现金。
Oh yeah, take my federal money, states.
是的，拿我的联邦资金，各州。
Regulating ya. Regulator.
调节。监管机构。
This money that the federal government gives to the states is called a grant-in-aid.
联邦政府给各州的这笔钱叫做财政补贴。
Grants-in-aid can work like a carrot encouraging a state to adopt a certain policy
财政补贴可以像胡萝卜一样鼓励一个国家采取某种政策
or work like a stick when the federal government withholds funds if a state doesn't do what the national government wants.
或者，如果一个州没有按照国家政府的要求行事，联邦政府就会扣留资金。
Grants-in-aid are usually called categorical, because they're given to states for a particular purpose like transportation or education or alleviating poverty.
援助资金通常被称为无条件援助，因为它们是为特定目的而提供给各州的，比如交通、教育或减轻贫困。
There are 2 types of categorical grants-in-aid:
援助类别有两种:
formula grants and project grants.
公式奖助金和项目奖助金。
Under a formula grant, a state gets aid in a certain amount of money based on a mathematical formula;
在公式赠款下，一个国家根据一个数学公式获得一定量的资金援助;
the best example of this is the old way welfare was given in the US under the program called Aid to Families with Dependent Children.
最好的例子就是美国的旧福利是通过援助有孩子的家庭来提供的。
AFDC.
对有子女家庭补助计划
States got a certain amount of money for every person who was classified as "poor".
各州为每一个被归类为“穷人”的人发放一定数量的钱。
The more poor people a state had, the more money it got.
一个国家的穷人越多，它得到的钱就越多。
Project grants require states to submit proposals in order to receive aid.
项目赠款要求各国提交提案以获得援助。
The states compete for a limited pool of resources.
各州争夺的资源有限。
Nowadays, project grants are more common than formula grants,
现在，项目资助比公式资助更普遍,
but neither is as popular as block grants,
但这两项都不像集体拨款那么受欢迎，
which the government gives out Lego Blocks and then you build stuff with Legos.
政府给乐高积木，然后你用乐高积木做东西。
It's a good time.
这是一个很好的时间。
No no, the national government gives a state a huge chunk of money for something big, like
不，不，国家政府给了一个州一大笔钱来买一些大的东西
infrastructure, which is made with concrete and steel, and not Legos,
比如基础设施，是用混凝土和钢材建造的，而不是乐高积木，
and the state is allowed to decide how to spend the money.
州政府可以决定如何使用这些钱。
The basic type of cooperative federalism is the carrot stick type
合作联邦制的基本类型是胡萝卜条式
which is sometimes called marble cake federalism
有时被称为大理石蛋糕联邦制
because it mixes up the state and federal governments in ways that makes it impossible to separate the two.
因为它将州政府和联邦政府混合在一起，使得将两者分开是不可能的。
Federalism, it's such a culinary delight.
联邦制，这是一种烹饪乐趣。
The key to it is, you guessed it -- dollar dollar bills y'all. Money.
关键是，你猜对了——美元钞票。钱。
But there's another aspect of cooperative federalism that's really not so cooperative, and that's regulated federalism.
但是合作联邦制的另一个方面其实并不那么合作，那就是受监管的联邦制。
Under regulated federalism, the national governments sets up regulations
在受管制的联邦制下，各国政府制定法规
and rules that the states must follow.
以及各州必须遵守的规则。
Some examples of these rules, also called mandates,
这些规则的一些例子，也被称为任务，
are EPA regulations, civil rights standards, and the rules set up by the Americans with Disabilities Act.
是EPA的法规，民权标准，以及美国残疾人法案制定的规则。
Sometimes the government gives the states money to implement the rules, but sometimes it doesn't and they must comply anyways.
有时候政府会给州政府一些钱来执行这些规定，但是有时候政府不会，而且无论如何他们必须遵守。
That's called an unfunded mandate. Or as I like to call it, an un-fun mandate. Because no money, no fun.
这就是所谓的无资金授权。或者就像我喜欢说的那样，一个不好玩的任务。因为没有钱，就没有乐趣。
A good example of example of this is OSHA regulations that employers have to follow.
这方面的一个很好的例子就是OSHA规定，雇主必须遵守。
States don't like these, and Congress tried to do something about them with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act or UMRA, but it hasn't really worked.
各州不喜欢这些法案，国会试图通过《无资金支持的授权改革法案》(简称UMRA)来解决这些问题，但事实并非如此
In the early 21st century, Americans are basically living under a system of cooperative federalism with some areas of activity that are heavily regulated.
在21世纪初期，美国人基本上生活在合作联邦制的体制下，一些活动领域监管很积极。
This is a stretch from the original idea that federalism will keep the national government small and have most government functions belong to the states.
这与最初的想法有所不同，即联邦制将使国家政府保持较小规模，并使大多数政府职能属于州政府。
If you follow American politics, and I know you do, this small government ideal should sound familiar because it's the bedrock principle of many conservatives and libertarians in the US.
如果你追随美国政治(我知道你也这么做)，这个小政府理想听起来应该很熟悉，因为它是美国许多保守派和自由主义者的基本原则。
As conservatives made many political inroads during the 1970s, a new concept of federalism, which was kind of an old concept of federalism, became popular.
当保守派在20世纪70年代取得许多政治进展时，一种新的联邦制概念，一种旧的联邦制概念，开始流行起来。
It was called, SURPRISE, New Federalism,
它被称为，惊奇，新联邦制，
and it was popularized by Presidents Nixon and Reagan.
它是由尼克松和里根总统推广的。
Just to be clear, it's called New Federalism not Surprise New Federalism.
需要明确的是，它被称为新联邦制，并不奇怪，新联邦制。
New Federalism basically means giving more power to the states, and this has been done in three ways.
新的联邦制基本上意味着给予各州更多的权力，这有三种方式。
First, block grants allow states discretion to decide what to do with federal money,
首先，整体拨款允许各州自行决定如何使用联邦资金，
and what's a better way to express your power than spending money?
还有什么比花钱更能表达你的权力呢？
Or not spending money as the case may be.
或者不按照实际情况花钱。
Another form of New Federalism is devolution,
另一种形式的新联邦制是权力下放，
which is the process of giving state and local governments the power to enforce regulations,
这是赋予州和地方政府执行法规的权力的过程，
devolving power from the national to the state level.
把权力从国家下放到国家。
Finally, some courts have picked up the cause of New Federalism through cases based on the 10th Amendment,
最后，一些法院通过基于第十修正案，
which states"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
说“宪法没有授予美国的权力，
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
它对各州也不加以禁止，对各州或对人民也不加以限制。”
The idea that some powers, like those police powers I talked about before, are reserved by the states,
有些权力，比如我之前提到的警察权力，是由各州保留的，
have been used to put something of a brake on the Commerce Clause.
已被用来对商业条款施加某种限制。
So as you can see, where we are with federalism today is kind of complicated.
正如你所看到的，今天联邦制的现状有点复杂。
Presidents Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Clinton seem to favor New Federalism and block grants.
里根、老布什和克林顿总统似乎都支持新的联邦制和集体拨款。
But George W. Bush seemed to push back towards regulated federalism with laws like No Child Left Behind and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.
但乔治·w·布什似乎是在用《不让一个孩子掉队》之类的法律，以及国务院的创立，来推动受监管的联邦制国土安全。
It's pretty safe to say that we're going to continue to live under a regime of cooperative federalism, with a healthy dose of regulation thrown in.
可以很有把握地说，我们将继续生活在合作联邦制的体制下，并实施健康的监管措施。
But many Americans feel that the national government is too big and expensive and not what the framers wanted.
但许多美国人认为国家政府过于庞大和昂贵，不是立宪者想要的。
If history is any guide, a system of dual federalism with most of the government in the hands of the states is probably not going to happen.
如果以史为鉴的话，一个由各州政府控制的二元联邦制体系很可能不会实现。
For some reason, it's really difficult to convince institutions to give up powers once they've got them.
出于某种原因，很难说服机构在获得权力后放弃权力。
I'm never giving up this power.
我永远不会放弃这种力量。
Thanks for watching, I'll see you next week.
谢谢收看，下周见。
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
《政府与政治速成课》是与PBS数字工作室联合制作的。
Support for Crash Course US Government comes from Voqal.
对《美国政府速成班》的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持利用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at Voqal.org.
在Voqal.org了解更多关于他们的使命和倡议。
Crash Course is made with the help of these nice people. Thanks for watching.
《速成班》是由所有这些善良的人制作的，他们都是非常好的人。我知道。感谢收看。
You didn't help make this video at all, did you?
你根本没帮我做这个视频，是吗?
No. But you did get people to keep watching until the end because you're an adorable dog.
不。但你确实让人们一直看到最后，因为你是一只可爱的狗。
