评论
打印
Hi, I'm Craig, and this is Crash Course Government and Politics.
嗨，我是克雷格，这是《政府和政治速成课》。
And today we're going to talk about the single most important document in America,
今天我们要讲的是美国最重要的一份文件，
one that we'll be talking about a lot over next few months.
我们在接下来的几个月里都要讨论这个问题。
No, I'm not talking about O Magazine -
不，我说的不是《O杂志》——
it's the United States Constitution, and what we're really gonna focus on is how it got made and how it became the foundation of our government.
我说的是美国宪法，我们真正要关注的是它是如何形成并成为我们政府基础的。
Those of you who watched the U.S. History series with John Green probably remember
那些观看约翰·格林美国历史系列节目的人可能还记得
that the government set up by the Constitution is actually the second attempt at an American government.
宪法建立的政府实际上是美国政府的第二次尝试。
Also, as pointed out in the comments, you probably noticed that I am not John Green.
另外，正如评论中指出的，你可能注意到我不是约翰·格林。
The first American government, which was in place during the Revolutionary War and for almost 10 years afterwards, was the Articles of Confederation.
第一届政府是在美国独立战争期间成立的，之后约十年后《邦联条例》出台。
Like many first attempts, the Articles government had some good ideas and it meant well, but it was poorly executed.
像许多最初的尝试一样，《邦联条例》有一些好的想法，它的本意是好的，但执行得很糟糕。
Give it a break, it never did this before!
饶了它吧，它从来没有这样做过！
So when delegates gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles, ended up scrapping the whole thing and creating a new Constitution.
1787年，代表们聚集在费城修改宪法，最终全盘推翻，制出一部新宪法。
It's probably not because they didn't know what revise meant.
这可能并不是因为他们不知道“修改”是什么意思。
So, the delegates from the various states each had their own agendas at the Constitutional Convention,
所以，来自不同州的代表在制宪会议上都有各自的议程，
and that made it difficult for them to agree on what the new government should look like.
这使得他们很难就新政府应该是什么样子达成一致。
In order to hammer out a Constitution, they had to do something you don't see very much of in government these days - compromise.
为了制定出一部宪法，他们不得不做一件你现在在政府中看不到的事情——妥协。
Oh, let's compromise, I'm sorry, eagle, I didn't mean...
哦，让我们妥协吧，对不起，鹰，我不是说……
Before we get into what those compromises were, it's kinda necessary to look at what was so bad about the Articles government in the first place.
在我们讨论这些妥协之前，有必要先看看政府条款的坏处。
The main thing was it really couldn't govern.
最主要的是《邦联条例》真的无法管理。
There was no executive branch or president and no judiciary to settle disputes.
没有行政部门或总统，也没有司法部门来解决争端。
It was basically just a congress where each state was equally represented
它基本上只是一个国会，每个州都有平等的代表
and they all pretty much had veto power and could sink legislation they didn't like.
每位代表几乎都拥有否决权，可能会否决他们不喜欢的立法。
All decisions were collective, which meant that very few decisions were actually made,
所有的决定都是集体的，这意味着很难真正做出决策，
because it's really hard to get 13 people to agree on something that will be in the interest of all 13.
因为很难让13个人同意所有13个人都感兴趣的事情。
I can barely agree with Stan on anything.
在任何事情上我都不能同意斯坦的观点。
Right, Stan? He said wrong.
斯坦？他说错了。
Most important, the Articles government had no power to levy taxes, which meant that if it needed any money to do,
最重要的是，《邦联条例》规定政府没有征税的权力，这意味着如果政府需要钱，
well, anything, it had to ask for the money from the states, which were free to say,
好吧，任何事情，它都要向各州索取钱，他们可以自由地说，
No, I don't think we'll be giving you any money today. ...or tomorrow. Or ever.
不，我想我们今天不会给你钱。明天也不会给。或许永远都不会给。
As I remember from my college years - and I don't remember much - living without money is awful.
我记得我的大学时光——我不太记得了——没有钱的生活是可怕的。
Without money, it's pretty much impossible for a government to do anything, except buy ramen noodles.
没有钱，除了买拉面，政府几乎不可能做任何事情。
The Articles government was able to accomplish one notable thing, though.
然而，《邦联条例》能够完成一件值得注意的事情。
One of the big issues it had to deal with was Americans moving out West, which in the 1770's and 80's meant to places like Ohio and Indiana that weren't states yet.
在17世纪70年代和80年代，其中一个大问题意味着像俄亥俄和印第安纳这些还不是州的地方要搬到西部。
The government managed to set up rules for these settlements in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787,
政府设法在1787年的《西北条例》中为这些定居点建立了规则，
which set up a system for eventual statehood.
正是这个规则建立了一个最终国家的体系。
But most importantly, it forbade slavery in these territories, which, as students of American history know, was kind of a big deal.
但最重要的是，禁止这些地区的奴隶制，正如历史系学生所知，这是一件大事。
You wouldn't know that, you're not a student of American history. You're a symbol of America, bird!
你不会知道的，你不是美国历史的学生。你是美国的象征，小鸟！
I'm not gonna punch you.
我不会揍你的。
Other than that, though, the Articles government was a flop.
除此之外，《邦联条例》是失败的。
And the very thing that made it so ineffective threatened to screw up any attempts at new government, too.
而正是这件使它如此无效的事情，也有可能使任何试图组建新政府的努力化为泡影。
This was the issue of competing interests between different states, more specifically the states with large populations and the smaller states.
这是不同州之间利益冲突的问题，更具体地说，是人口众多的州和人口较少的州之间的利益冲突。
Basically, a state with a large population like, say, Virginia, had different needs than a state with a small population, like Delaware.
基本上，一个人口众多的州，比如弗吉尼亚州，与人口较少的州，比如特拉华州，有着不同的需求。
More importantly, large states might stand to benefit more from any government spending.
更重要的是，大州可能会从政府支出中获益更多。
When the delegates decided to make a new congress, these large population states wanted the number of representatives to that congress to be proportional to the states' populations,
当代表们决定组建一个新国会时，这些人口众多的州想要国会的代表人数与各州人口成正比，
which would mean that the larger states would have more representatives than the smaller ones.
这意味着较大的州比较小的州有更多的代表。
This idea, a large congress made up of many delegates, was called The Virginia Plan.
这个由许多代表组成的大国会被称为“弗吉尼亚计划”。
Because it was put forward by the delegates from Wisconsin. Just kidding...Virginia.
因为它是由威斯康星州的代表们提出的。开玩笑的……维吉尼亚。
The delegates from small New Jersey put forward a plan that would have a congress where each state would send an equal number of representatives.
来自小新泽西州的代表们提出了一项计划，即在国会中每个州派出的代表人数相等。
In other words, something that looked a lot like the Articles government.
换句话说，一些看起来很像《邦联条例》的东西。
This New Jersey Plan would prevent smaller states from being dominated by the larger states,
新泽西州的这项计划将防止较小的州被较大的州所控制，
and also ensure that the large states wouldn't be able to vote themselves a bigger share of government spending.
同时也确保了大州不能在政府开支中给自己投更多的票。
These two opposing interests threatened to scuttle the whole new government thing
这两个对立的利益集团威胁要毁掉整个新政府
until Roger Sherman from Connecticut proposed The Great Compromise, that gave us the bicameral legislature that we talked about in episode two,
直到康涅狄格州的罗杰·谢尔曼提出了“伟大妥协”，提出了我们我们在第二集中讨论过的两院制立法机构。
and we've all come to know and love, sometimes.
有时候，我们都开始了解和爱。
So The Great Compromise meant that we would have a two-house legislature,
所以“伟大妥协”意味着我们将有一个由两个议院组成的立法机构，
but this wasn't the only issue related to how the seats in Congress would be apportioned.
但这并不是国会席位分配的唯一问题。
The membership in the House would be based on the state's population,
众议院的成员将根据该州的人口来定，
but at the time there was an issue about how to count that population.
但当时有一个关于如何统计人口的问题。
The issue was slavery.
问题是奴隶制。
More specifically, how to count slaves as part of a state's population.
更具体地说，如何把奴隶算作一个州人口的一部分。
Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
让我们进入思想泡泡。
The states with large slave populations, like South Carolina and Virginia, had a pretty big interest in counting these slaves for the purposes of determining representation.
拥有大量奴隶人口的州，如南卡罗来纳和维吉尼亚，对把这些奴隶算在一起很感兴趣。
And the states with few slaves didn't want them counted at all.
而那些几乎没有奴隶的州根本不想统计。
Because this would mean that the white non-slave people in those states with lots of slaves would effectively be better represented than the white non-slave people in the states with few slaves.
因为这就意味着那些拥有大量奴隶的州的非奴隶白人实际上比那些没有奴隶的州的非奴隶白人更有代表性。
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention solved this problem with another compromise that was decidedly less great.
出席制宪会议的代表们通过另一项折衷方案解决了这个问题。
Article 1 Section 2 of the Constitution includes the following clause:
宪法第一部分第二条包括下列内容：
Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union,
代表税和直接税应由本联盟所包括的几个州分摊，
according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons,
按照他们各自的人数，再加上全部自由人的人数，
including those bound to service for a term of years,
包括那些必须服务多年的人，
and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.
不包括不交税的印度人，其他人的五分之三。
If you're looking for the word "slave",you won't find it.
如果你在寻找“奴隶”这个词，你是找不到的。
They're the ones described by the phrase, three-fifths of all other persons.
他们是用这个短语来描述的，其他人的五分之三。
This is the notorious Three-Fifths Compromise.
这是臭名昭著的五分之三妥协方案。
What it means is that?
这意味着什么？
In order to determine how many representatives a state has, you count the number of free people in the state,
为了确定一个州有多少代表，你要计算这个州的自由人的数量，
including indentured servants, and add to that number three-fifths of the number of non-free persons,
包括契约仆役，加上五分之三的非自由人，
otherwise known as slaves.
也被称为奴隶。
So in terms of counting, each slave was worth three-fifths of each free person.
所以就计数而言，每个奴隶的价值是每个自由人的五分之三。
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
谢谢，思想泡泡。
Anyway, this meant that states with large populations of slaves would be disproportionately represented in Congress,
无论如何，这意味着拥有大量奴隶的州将不成比例地代表国会，
but not quite so badly that most northern states with small numbers of slaves wouldn't vote for the Constitution.
但并不严重到大多数北方奴隶数量较少的州不会投票支持宪法。
What this also did was enshrine the idea that slaves, who were mostly black, were worth less than free people, who were mostly white.
这也证明了一个观点，那就是奴隶，他们大多是黑人，比自由的白人更值钱。
And it embedded slavery into the Constitution.
它将奴隶制嵌入到宪法中。
So before this constitution of compromise could go into effect, it had to be ratified by at least 9 of the 13 states.
因此，在这个妥协的宪法生效之前，它必须得到13个州中至少9个州的批准。
So each state had a special convention where delegates could vote on whether or not to adopt the new constitution.
所以每个州都有一个特别的大会，代表们可以投票决定是否通过新宪法。
These conventions were more open to the public than the Constitutional Convention itself,
这些公约比宪法公约本身对公众更开放，
and the ratification process is the reason why some people say the Constitution is based on the will of the people.
批准是一些人说宪法是基于人民意志的原因。
But not everybody wanted the Constitution, and they needed convincing.
但并不是所有人都想要宪法，他们需要的是信服力。
This is where things get a little confusing.
这就是事情变得有点混乱的地方。
Did you want the Constitution? Did ya?
你想要宪法吗？想吗？
In 1787, public opinion about the Constitution was pretty evenly divided.
在1787年，公众对宪法的意见是平分秋色的。
Those who wanted the Constitution were called Federalists,
那些想要宪法的人被称为联邦主义者
largely because of the Federalist Papers,
主要是因为《联邦党人文集》，
a series of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.
《联邦党人文集》是亚历山大·汉密尔顿、约翰·杰伊和詹姆斯·麦迪逊三人发表的一系列的宪法论文。
They wrote the Federalist Papers to convince voters in New York to ratify the Constitution.
他们写了《联邦党人文集》，说服纽约的选民批准宪法。
And since New York did eventually ratify the document, I guess they worked.
既然纽约最终批准了这份文件，我猜他们成功了。
But we should listen to both sides of the argument...in the Clone Zone.
但是我们应该听取双方的观点……在克隆区。
So joining us in the Clone Zone today will be Federalist Clone and Anti-Federalist Clone.
所以今天加入我们的克隆人区域的将是联邦制克隆人和反联邦制克隆人。
Let's hear from Federalist Clone first.
让我们先听听克隆联邦主义者的观点。
Feddy? Can I call you Feddy?
小联？我可以叫你小联吗？
No. The Federalists were the incredibly intelligent Americans
不。联邦党人是非常聪明的美国人
who thought that a strong central government would benefit the country as a whole.
他们认为一个强大的中央政府将使整个国家受益。
They tended to come from cities,
他们往往来自城市，
and often they represented commercial classes,
他们经常代表商业阶层，
especially wealthy people,
特别是富人，
who had lent money to the government during the Revolution.
在革命期间借钱给政府的富人。
They liked the new Constitution because they felt that a strong national government would pay its debts,
他们喜欢新宪法，因为他们觉得一个强大的国家政府会偿还债务，
and this was good for business.
这对生意有好处。
They also tended to want stronger ties with England again
他们还希望与英格兰建立更牢固的关系
because England was a good trading partner.
因为英国是一个很好的贸易伙伴。
Given the raging success of the Articles government, it's pretty clear that the Federalists were right.
鉴于《邦联条例》获得了巨大的成功，很明显联邦党人是对的。
Okay, now let's hear from Anti-Federalist Clone.
好了，现在让我们听听反联邦克隆的声音。
How do you respond, Anti?
你怎么看，反联邦克隆人？
I'm not your aunt!
我不是你的阿姨！
Sure, Federalists were right to believe in tyranny.
当然，联邦党人相信暴政是正确的。
Anti-Federalists were right to be skeptical of a large government that would trample on our individual liberties.
反联邦主义者对一个会践踏我们个人自由的大政府持怀疑态度是正确的。
They didn't want a big government that would tax them to death, and possibly take away their slaves.
他们不想要一个对他们征税至死，并可能夺走他们奴隶的大政府。
In general, Anti-Federalists felt that states would be the best protectors of people's rights and liberties,
总的来说，反联邦主义者认为各州是人民权利和自由的最好保护者，
because being smaller, they would be more responsive to people's needs.
因为它们更小，所以更能满足人们的需求。
Okay? The Anti-Federalists published pamphlets and articles, too.
好吧？反联邦主义者也出版了小册子和文章。
But we weren't quite as organized, so we didn't have a coherent set of Anti-Federalist Papers to push on government students.
但我们没有那么有组织，所以我们没有一套连贯的反联邦主义文件来推动政府学生。
Okay, okay, you seem really mad about this.
好吧，好吧，你看起来很生气。
I am. But you eventually lost the debate. I did.
我是。但你最终输掉了这场辩论。我赢了。
How come he got to shoot fireworks-- --I didn't know he was gonna-- --I wanna shoot fireworks-- Okay? I'm sorry, I'm sorry--next time. You can have fireworks.
他怎么能放烟花——我不知道他会——我想放烟花——啊？对不起，对不起——下次。下次就能放烟花了。
So the Federalist position won out and the Constitution was ratified.
所以联邦党人的立场获胜了，宪法也被批准了。
And that's the government that Americans have been living under ever since.
从那以后，美国人就一直生活在这个政府之下。
Because the Constitution was passed, we tend to think that everyone loved it.
因为宪法通过了，我们倾向于认为每个人都喜欢它。
But it wasn't nearly as clear-cut as hindsight makes it appear.
但它并不像后见之明那样清晰。
Eventually, the Federalists had to offer another compromise,
最终，联邦党人不得不做出另一个妥协，
promising a Bill of Rights in the first ten amendments.
在前十个修正案中承诺《权利法案》。
This isn't called one of the constitutional compromises
这不是所谓的宪法妥协之一
because it happened outside of the Convention,
因为它发生在宪法公约之外，
but it was yet another example of how different interests had to give a little in order to get a Constitution passed.
但这是另一个例子，说明不同的利益群体为了通过宪法，不得不做出一点让步。
It's very important to remember that compromise, the idea of balancing interests and giving a little to get a lot, is embedded in the Constitution.
要记住，妥协是非常重要的，平衡利益，付出一点，得到很多，这在宪法中是根深蒂固的一点。
While today it seems like a political dirty word,
虽然今天它看起来像是一个政治脏话，
compromise is the basis of the American government itself.
但是妥协是美国政府自身的基础。
Thanks for watching.
谢谢收看。
I'll seeya next week.
下周见。
Well, I'll compromise. Seeya in a week and a half.
好吧,我妥协。一周半后见。
Let's face it; Stan's probably not going to get this done in time anyway.
让我们面对它；不管怎样，斯坦可能不会及时完成这件事。
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
《政府与政治速成课》是与PBS数字工作室联合制作的。
Support for Crash Course U.S. Government comes from Voqal.
对《美国政府速成班》的支持来自Voqal。
Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media to advance social equity.
Voqal支持利用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织。
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at voqal.org.
在Voqal.org了解更多关于他们的使命和倡议。
Crash Course was made by all of these nice people at the Chad and Stacy Emigholz Studio, in tropical Indianapolis.
速成班是由所有这些人在热带印第安纳波利斯查德和斯泰西移民工作室制作的。
Thanks for watching.
谢谢收看。
I'm going to the beach.
我要去海滩。
