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This episode of Crash Course is brought to you by Squarespace
本集速成课程是由Squarespace为您带来的
Hi I'm Craig and this is Crash Course Government and Politics
嗨，我是克雷格，这是《政府和政治速成课》
and today we're going to cross the streams of the legislative and executive branches and talk about delegation
今天我们将跨越立法和行政部门的界限讨论授权问题
I thought we weren't supposed to cross the streams Stan?! Ooh, that's Ghostbusting
我以为我们不应该过界的，斯坦?!哦,那是捉鬼敢死队（美国电影名）
Sorry about that
抱歉
We're far away from the text of the Constitution here, deep in the realm of informal powers
我们离宪法的规定还很远，在非正式权力的领域里
But basically, delegation explains why the President is so powerful, even though the Consitution and its framers were terrified of creating a Presidentzilla
但基本上，代表团解释了为什么总统如此强大，尽管宪法和宪法制定者害怕创建总统哥斯拉
So, what exactly is delegation?
那么，代表团到底是什么呢?
First of all, to clear up some confusion, it's not the same as being a delegate, which in Political Science has two meanings
首先，为了澄清一些困惑，先说明这和代表不同，代表在政治学中有两层含义
That sounds like we're making it more confusing Stan
听起来我们让它更混乱了，斯坦
First off, a delegate is a representative at something like a caucus, or in Congress
首先，代表是类似于核心小组会议或国会的代表
Usually, in the US, when we talk about delegates it's in the context of political conventions and choosing Presidential candidates
通常，在美国，当我们谈论代表的时候，是在政治会议和总统候选人的选择的背景下
Political scientists also talk about the delegate role that a representative can have
政治学家也谈论代表的角色
If a representative is acting like a delegate she does what her constituents want, acting in their interests as much as she can
如果一个代表表现得像一个代表，她就会做她的选民想做的事，尽可能多地为他们的利益而行动
The other role that a representative can have is that of a trustee
代表的另一个角色是受托人
When a representative behaves like a trustee, he acts in what he believes are the best interests of the community as a whole
当一名代表像受托人一样行事时，他所做的是他认为是整个社会的最大利益
In general, the Senate was designed to act more like trustees and the House to be more like delegates
总的来说，参议院的运作方式更像是受托人，而众议院则更像是代表
But neither of those is the delegation we're talking about
但这两项都不是我们讨论的代表团
Congressional delegation happens when Congress gives, or delegates, a power to the Executive branch through legislation
国会授权是指国会通过立法赋予行政部门权力
Whenever Congress sets up an agency or program, it decides how much discretion to give the agency's personnel in doing whatever job Congress created the agency to do
每当国会设立一个机构或项目时，它就决定给予机构人员多少自由裁量权，以完成国会设立机构的任何工作
The greater the discretion, the more power Congress delegates
自由裁量权越大，国会代表的权力就越大
This is how delegation works in general
这就是委托的一般工作方式
The amount of discretion that Congress can give an agency varies a lot
国会给机构的自由裁量权有很大的不同
Sometimes the laws that Congress writes have very specific instructions on what the agency can do and how it can do it, severely limiting the agency's discretion
有时候，国会制定的法律对机构能做什么以及如何做有非常具体的指示，严重限制了机构的自由裁量权
A good example of Congress limiting an agency's discretion is the Tax Code, which is about 26 hundred pages long, without even including all the very detailed rules and regulations that the IRS has to follow
国会限制机构自由裁量权的一个很好的例子是长达2600页的税法，它甚至没有包括国税局必须遵守的所有非常详细的规则和条例
Even with thousands of pages of rules, sometimes the IRS acts beyond its discretion, as it did when it investigated the tax exempt status of 501C4 groups linked to the Tea Party
即使有成千上万页的规定，美国国税局有时也会超出自己的自由裁量权，就像它调查与茶党有关的501C4集团的免税地位时一样
Remember that scandal?
还记得那个丑闻吗?
Other times, Congress grants broad discretion to agencies
其他时候，国会给予机构广泛的自由裁量权
We'll learn more about this when we talk about bureauracracies in future episodes
我们将在以后的章节中讨论官僚政治更多的了解这个
But as you might imagine, agencies will try to take all the power they can get
但正如你可能想象的那样，各机构将会竭尽全力
OSHA Regulations are a good example of an agency having broad discretion over its rules
OSHA条例是一个很好的例子，说明一个机构对其规则有广泛的自由裁量权
One thing to remember is that even when Congress does delegate powers to the Executive branch, which can look like trouble for the whole separation of powers thing,
有一件事要记住，即使国会把权力下放给行政部门，这对整个分权制度来说都是麻烦，
these delegated powers can still be check by the Courts, which can review laws and bureaucratic rules and regulations
这些被授予的权力仍然可以由法院检查，法院可以审查法律和官僚规则和条例
The most memorable time that this happened was when the Court overturned the legislative veto in the famous INS versus CHADHA case
最令人难忘的一次是法院推翻了著名的国际新闻社诉查达案的立法否决
What?! You've never heard of INS versus CHADHA?
什么? !你没听说过INS v. CHADHA案?
Well, look it up! So that's what delegation is
嗯，查一查!这就是代表团
Fair enough
很好
But it doesn't explain why Congress delegates powers to the Executive branch
但它没有解释为什么国会将权力授予行政部门
For this, I think we need a little help from the Thought Bubble
为此，我认为我们需要一些来自思想泡泡的帮助
There are three reasons that Congress delegates power to the Executive branch
国会将权力授予行政部门有三个原因
Practical reasons, historical reasons and political reasons
现实原因、历史原因和政治原因
To start with the practical reasons, Congress delegates power because it has to
从实际原因出发，国会授权是因为它必须这样做
Today's government, whether you like it or not, does a lot of things, and it would be pretty much impossible for Congress to administer all the programs that it creates
今天的政府，不管你喜不喜欢，做了很多事情，国会几乎不可能管理政府创造的所有项目
Imagine your local Congressman taking the time to inspect meat like the USDA does
想象一下你当地的国会议员花时间像美国农业部一样检查肉类
You could also make a constitutional argument that Congress should delegate power since execution of laws is the job of the Executive branch
你也可以提出宪法上的论点，认为国会应该授权，因为执行法律是行政部门的工作
There's another practical reason for delegating
授权还有另一个实际的原因
Writing detailed legislation is really hard, and since Congressmen are not usually experts in the policies they create,
起草详细的立法非常困难，因为国会议员通常不是他们制定政策的专家，
it's often better to let the people who will be implementing the rules have more say in what the rules will be
通常，最好是让那些将要执行规则的人对规则的内容有更多的发言权
Congress also delegates for historical reasons
由于历史原因，国会也有代表
In fact, until the 20th Century, any governing that the National Government did do was done by Congress,
事实上，直到20世纪，国家政府所做的任何管理都是由国会完成的，
and you'll remember that was the age of dual federalism, so most of the governing was done by the states
你们会记得那是双联邦制的时代，所以大部分的管理都是由各州完成的
When Congress did delegate power, it sought to keep it away from the President
当国会确实授权时，它试图让权力远离总统
For example, the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was established to regulate railroads, was set up as an independent regulatory commission
例如，为了管理铁路而成立的州际商务委员会就作为一个独立的监管委员会成立
Things started to change in the progressive era when the national government began to actually regulate things, like the aforementioned meat
在进步的时代，事情开始改变，当国家政府开始真正地管理事物，如前面提到的肉
Thanks Upton Sinclair! But the size and reach of the federal government really exploded with the New Deal
谢谢厄普顿•辛克莱！但是联邦政府的规模和影响范围真的因为新政而激增
Now, one story of the New Deal is that FDR took the initiative and expanded executive power by creating all sorts of new agencies
罗斯福新政的一个故事是罗斯福采取主动，通过建立各种各样的新机构来扩大行政权
Sending us down the path to the large scale government we know and love, or hate
让我们走上我们所知和喜爱或憎恨的大规模政府的道路
But that's not the whole story
但这并不是全部
The problems facing the US overwhelmed Congress, so they delegated power to the Executive branch and the federal government grew into something approaching what we know it as today
美国面临的问题让国会不堪重负，于是他们把权力下放给了行政部门，联邦政府逐渐发展成今天我们所知道的样子
The key thing to remember is that the New Deal was primarily a legislative program of laws that created new agencies and programs, not just a series of executive orders
关键要记住的是，新政主要是一项立法计划，它创造了新的机构和计划，而不仅仅是一系列行政命令
Thanks Thought Bubble
谢谢思想泡泡
The political reasons for delegation may sound cynical, and I guess they are,
代表团的政治理由可能听起来很愤世嫉俗，我想他们是的，
but they reflect the political reality that getting blamed for a bad outcome can cost you an election
但它们反映了一个政治现实，即为一个糟糕的结果而受到指责，可能会让你失去选举
Often Congress grants broad discretion in a law so that they can avoid responsibility and/or blame the Executive branch if it goes sour
通常情况下，国会会在法律上给予广泛的自由裁量权，这样他们就可以逃避责任，或者在行政部门出现问题时指责它
You saw this in the debate over Obamacare, if you're being generous you'd call it a debate, you could call it a playground slap fight
你在关于奥巴马医改的辩论中看到了这一点，如果你很慷慨你会称之为辩论，或可以称之为操场上的巴掌大战
So this is a good place to stop because it leads us into the next topic, bureauracracy, that we're going to take up in the next few episodes
所以这是一个很好的停止，因为它引导我们进入下一个话题，官僚政治，我们在接下来的几集里要学的
But before we end, let me point out two important things
但在我们结束之前，让我指出两件重要的事情
The first is that Congressionally delegated power is always contingent on time, place and national mood
首先，国会授权的权力总是取决于时间、地点和国家情绪
Congress has the power to rescind, amend or claim oversight over the powers it delegates
国会有权撤销、修改或声称对其授权的监督
Although, as we'll see, it's hard to control bureauracracies
尽管，正如我们将看到的，控制官僚政治是很难的
Congress can do it if they want to and they can also draft laws more carefully to set strong limits
国会可以这样做，如果他们愿意，他们也可以更仔细地起草法律来设置严格的限制
Who is in office at the time the law is written often can have a big effect on the degree of power Congress delegates
在法律制定的时候，谁在执政？这通常会对国会代表的权力程度产生很大影响
As a general rule, when there's unified government with one party controlling both Congress and the White House, Congress will delegate more power to the Executive
一般来说，当一个政府由一个政党控制国会和白宫时，国会会把更多的权力交给行政部门
Because he's their bro, or she's their bro
因为他是他们的兄弟，或者她是他们的兄弟
Historical context can matter too
历史背景也很重要
After September 11th Congress delegated a lot of authority to the Executive branch to protect Americans from terrorism
911事件后，国会授权行政部门保护美国人不受恐怖主义侵害
And when the country is at war Congress tends to delegate to the Executive branch too
当国家处于战争状态时，国会也倾向于授权行政部门
The second important thing to remember about delegation is that overall it represents a shift of power from the Legislative to the Executive branch
关于授权，要记住的第二件重要事情是，总的来说，它代表着权力从立法机构向行政机构的转移
Why this has happened is complicated,
发生这种情况的原因很复杂，
and whether it's a good thing or a bad thing is an important and interesting discussion that you should have in your classes and with your friends
无论这是好事还是坏事，都是一个重要而有趣的你应该在课堂上和你的朋友之间进行的讨论
And with your grandma, and with your grandma's friends
还有你的奶奶，还有你奶奶的朋友
But that it has happened is a fact that you, and your grandma, and your grandma's friend need to recognise
但这已经发生了，这是一个事实，你，你的奶奶，你奶奶的朋友需要认识到
Thanks for watching, I'll see you next week
谢谢收看，下周见
Crash Course Government and Politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios
政府与政治速成班是与PBS数字工作室联合制作的
Support for Crash Course: US Government comes from Voqal
美国政府对速成课程的支持来自Voqal
Voqal supports nonprofits that use technology and media to advance social equity
Voqal支持利用技术和媒体促进社会公平的非营利组织
Learn more about their mission and initiatives at Voqal.org
在voqal.org了解更多关于他们的使命和倡议
Crash Course was made with all of these commanders and chiefs
速成班是由这些指挥官和首领们组成的
Thanks for watching
感谢收看
