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The impact of all of this on party identification was striking: In 2007, whites were split, with 44 percent calling themselves Democrats and 44 percent calling themselves Republican, according to the Pew Research Center. But by 2016, the gap had widened to 15 points, with 54 percent identifying as Republican.
所有这些对政党认同的影响是惊人的：根据皮尤研究中心的数据，2007年，白人中出现了分裂，44%的人称自己是民主党人，44%的人称自己是共和党人。但到2016年，这一差距扩大到15个百分点，54%的人称自己是共和党人。
Trump, with his pledge to “make America great again,” activated the equivalent of a political sleeper cell. Two-thirds of whites without a college education backed the Republican nominee, the largest margin in a presidential election since 1980, although without support from white wealthy Republicans he likely would not have won the election. Not surprisingly, the data finds a strong correlation between “white identity” and support for the candidate in the red MAGA hat. A recent study of whites who had voted for Barack Obama but switched to Trump found high levels of racial hostility and xenophobia; researchers said Democrats’ focus during the intervening years on undocumented immigrants and police violence against African-Americans had the effect of “changing perceptions of where many whites feel they belong.”
特朗普承诺“让美国再次伟大起来”，相当于激活了一个政治休眠细胞。三分之二没有大学学历的白人支持这位共和党总统候选人，这是自1980年以来在总统选举中获得的最大优势。不过，如果没有富有的白人共和党人的支持，他很可能不会赢得选举。毫不奇怪，数据发现，“白人身份”与支持戴红色“让美国再次伟大”帽子的候选人之间存在很强的相关性。最近一项针对曾投票给巴拉克•奥巴马但转而支持特朗普的白人的研究发现，他们的种族敌意和仇外情绪很高；研究人员说，民主党人在这期间对非法移民和警察对非洲裔美国人的暴力行为的关注，“改变了许多白人对他们所属地区的看法”。
“Whiteness is not invisible now. That is why we are talking about it in ways we didn’t for a long time in American history,” Jardina says. “Think about the world between the civil rights movement and election of Obama and the way we talked about race. We didn’t talk about white people because their dominance and privilege was secure.”
“白人主义现在并不是看不到。这就是为什么我们用美国历史上很长一段时间没有的方式来谈论它，”贾丁说道。“想想民权运动和奥巴马当选之间的世界以及我们谈论种族的方式。我们不谈论白人，因为他们的统治地位和特权是安全的。”
Emboldened by Trump’s success, GOP candidates staked new outer limits in racial and ethnic messaging in the midterms. Among them: In Indiana, Republican Senate candidate Mike Braun dubbed the incumbent Democrat “Mexico Joe” Donnelly and won. In Tennessee, Republican Marsha Blackburn won after claiming her opponent “lured illegal immigrants” to the state. In the Florida governor’s race, Republican nominee Ron DeSantis implored voters not to “monkey this up” by electing Andrew Gillum, who would have been the state’s first black chief executive.
受特朗普的成功鼓舞，共和党候选人在中期选举中在种族和民族信息方面设置了新的外部限制。其中包括：在印第安纳州，共和党参议员候选人迈克·布劳恩称现任民主党人“墨西哥乔”·唐纳利获胜。在田纳西州，共和党人玛莎·布莱克本声称她的对手“引诱非法移民”来到田纳西州，从而赢得了选举。在佛罗里达州州长竞选中，共和党候选人罗恩·德桑提斯恳求选民不要把事情搞砸，选举安德鲁·吉勒姆为总统候选人。吉勒姆本可以成为佛罗里达州首位黑人行政长官。
Trump’s own campaign closed the election with an anti-immigration spot considered so racist that even Fox News took it down. “You know what I am? I’m a nationalist, OK? I’m a nationalist,” the president told a boisterous crowd at a rally in Texas. “Nationalist! Use that word! Use that word!” Trump did not use (or left out) the word white.
特朗普自己的竞选团队以一个反移民广告结束了选举，该广告被认为是如此种族主义，以至于福克斯新闻也把它撤了下来。“你知道我是谁吗？我是个民族主义者，好吗？我是一个民族主义者，” 总统在德克萨斯州的一次集会上对喧闹的人群说。“民族主义！使用这个词！使用这个词！” 特朗普没有使用（或省略）白色这个词。
Democrats, however, fought back. The party nominated a record 180 female candidates in House primaries and 133 people of color. For the first time, white men were a minority in the Democrats’ candidate pool. The Democrats primarily ran on health care, education and jobs—as well as Trump resistance—not so much on immigration, even as Republicans stoked fears of the “caravan.” The result: Republicans lost 40 seats and their majority in the House. Nearly half of those districts had voted for Trump over Clinton in 2016. Notably, eight were located in the industrial Midwest, the so-called blue wall that fell to the GOP ticket two years ago. Perhaps even more important, Democrats won statewide contests for governor in Michigan and Wisconsin, as well as the Senate in Ohio, in part by cutting in half Republicans’ advantage among white men without a college education.
然而，民主党人进行了反击。该党在众议院初选中提名了180名女性候选人和133名有色人种。白人男性首次成为民主党候选人中的少数。民主党主要在医疗、教育、就业以及特朗普的抵制上做文章，而不是在移民问题上做文章，尽管共和党人对“大篷车”的担忧有所加剧。结果：共和党失去了40个席位，失去了在众议院的多数席位。2016年，近一半的选区投票给了特朗普，而不是希拉里。值得注意的是，其中8个州位于中西部工业地区，也就是两年前落入共和党阵营的所谓“蓝墙”。或许更重要的是，民主党人在密歇根州、威斯康星州以及俄亥俄州的参议员竞选中赢得了全州范围的胜利，部分原因是共和党人在没有受过大学教育的白人男性中的优势减少了一半。
译文由可可原创，仅供学习交流使用，未经许可请勿转载。
