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They couldn't build them in the City of London itself, because there was a belief that play-going spread plague.
他们无法在伦敦城内建造永久剧院 因为当时人们认为看剧会传播瘟疫
Plays and players were basically outlawed in the city proper by the 1570s.
戏剧和演员在1570年代之前在伦敦城都是非法的
The first theater was probably the Red Lion, which was built in Whitechapel, just outside of the center of London, in 1567.
第一个剧院大概是红狮剧院 建于1567年 位于伦敦市中心外的怀特查佩尔
We don't know much about it, except that it had a pretty big stage, some kind of turret—and that it was very badly constructed.
我们对红狮剧院所知甚少 只知道剧院里有一个相当大的舞台 某种角楼 而且盖得很糟糕
One of the only surviving documents about the Red Lion is from a complaint by the owner, John Brayne, against the carpenter who built it.
有关红狮剧院仅存的文件里就有一份它的拥有者约翰·布雷恩对木匠们的投诉文件
The lawsuit over its poor construction dragged on until 1578—which may have been longer than the Red Lion itself survived.
对这座糟糕建筑的诉讼一直持续到1578年 时长可能比红狮剧院本身存在的时间还要久
A longer-lasting theater was called… drum roll please… The Theatre.
还有一个更为古老的剧院叫做(大鼓击起来)“大剧院”
It was built in 1576 by the actor and businessman James Burbage in a neighborhood full of gambling dens and brothels,
它是由演员兼商人詹姆斯·勃贝奇于1576年在一个到处都是赌博窝点和妓院的片区里建造的
because, as we'll discuss in our episode on the closing of theaters, they were considered pretty immoral as far as structures go.
因为(我们会在“剧院的关闭”那一集里讨论到)该剧院就其结构而言被认为是极其不道德的
For a look at the theater The Theatre, the first important Elizabethan playhouse, let's look at the Thoughtbubble:
大剧院 伊丽莎白时代的第一个重要剧院 我们来看思想泡泡：
The Theatre borrowed its design from inn yards or maybe bear-baiting pits, which is exactly what it sounds like.
大剧院借用了客栈庭院或者可能是逗熊坑的设计 熊就是这样叫的
In Elizabethan England, deciding what you wanted to do for the evening was like,
在伊丽莎白时代的英国 决定晚上做什么的时候就像，
"HMMM do I feel like watching a bunch of dogs try to kill a bear, or do I feel like seeing a play?"
“嗯…我是想看一群狗杀死一头熊呢还是想看一出戏呢？”
The Theatre had a three-level gallery structure on most sides,
大剧院大部分墙面都有一个三层的画廊结构
surrounding a thrust stage and a bare-as-in-empty space in the middle where penny-paying ticket holders could stand.
中间围着一个伸展式舞台和一处空无一物的空间 花1便士买了票的人可以站在那里
If you paid another penny, you could move to the galleries.
如果再付1便士可以站在画廊那边
And if you had three pennies, you got a stool. FAAAANNNNN-CY
如果你有3便士 就可以拥有一把凳子 牛了逼了
The Theater was associated with the Lord Admiral's Men, and a bunch of the early plays by Ole What Lights Through Yonder Window Shakes.
大剧院上演过《海军上将的男人》 还有奥立早期的几部戏剧《窗外的灯光摇曳不定》
Eventually a dispute with the landlord led Burbage to dismantle the theater and move it across the river, where it became, dramatic pause, the Globe.
最终 和地主之间的争执导致勃贝奇拆除了剧院并把它迁到了河对岸 在那里大剧院变成了(戏剧性的停顿)“环球剧院”
These early theaters were open air, public arenas.
这些早期的剧院都是露天的公共场所
They could seat as many as 2500 people—everyone from slumming nobles to workingmen to the poor.
可以容纳多达2500人 有贵族 有工人 有穷人
Women came, too, although it wasn't considered respectable, so some wore disguises!
还有女人 虽然女人看剧被认为不体面 所以她们有时会乔装打扮
But there were no women on stage. Boys played the female roles.
但是演员里没有女性 女性角色会让男孩来扮演
Scenery wasn't as advanced as it was in Italy.
舞台布景没有意大利的那么高级
Scenes were set with some hanging cloths in the back and maybe a few props.
就是几片布挂在后面 可能还有一些道具
Plays were held in the afternoon, to take advantage of the natural light.
演出一般在安排在下午进行 因为可以利用自然光
A lot of snacks were sold, and beer, too.
剧院里还卖各种零食 还有啤酒
And if the audience didn't like the play, those snacks would be thrown!
如果观众不喜欢一出戏 他们就会往舞台上丢零食
Thanks, Thoughtbubble!
谢谢思想泡泡
You wouldn't throw snacks at me if you didn't like a thoughtbubble, would you Yorick?
如果你不喜欢思想泡泡你该不会向我丢零食吧 你会不会约里克？
Oh, come on. BAD SKELLY.
喔 别这样 坏透的斯凯利
I suppose I deserve this after the eyepoking from earlier.
我大概是自找的
In 1576, the first indoor, private theater appeared, Blackfriars Theatre.
1576年 第一个室内私人剧院出现了 “黑衣修士剧院”
It was located on the grounds of a former Dominican Monastery.
它被建在前多米尼加修道院的位置
It fell into disuse, and in 1596, a second, fancier theater was built nearby, also by James Burbage.
后来这座剧院被废弃了 1596年附近又建了一座更高级的剧院 同样也是詹姆斯·勃贝奇所建
These indoor theaters seated about 750 people, and since seats were more expensive they drew a ritzier crowd.
这些室内剧院可容纳750人 因为票价更高所以吸引了一群有钱人士
Whether or not that meant ritzier crackers were tossed at the talent, I'm not sure.
有钱人士扔到舞台上的饼干是不是也会更高级？应该是这样
The plays they put on were thought to be wittier and more sophisticated than those in the public theaters, though,
室内剧院上演的戏剧被认为比那些在公共剧院上演的戏剧更加的诙谐、更加的复杂
and they were initially performed by companies of boys, because the Renaissance and … child labor.
而且最初演员都是些男孩 因为文艺复兴和……童工
Who wrote these sophisticated plays for those child laborers?
是谁为这些童工写了这些复杂的剧本？
Well, they were written by a group of playwrights who were later called the University Wits,
嗯 它们是由一群后来被称为“大学才子”的剧作家撰写的
because unlike Billy Wiggleharpoon, they all went to Oxford or Cambridge.
因为他们和比利·威格尔不同 他们都上过牛津或者剑桥
These snobs wrote sophisticated plays for grown-up actors, too, including many that are still performed today.
这些势利眼儿也为成年演员写过复杂的剧本 其中包括许多至今都在上演的戏剧
Basically these guys started with, and improved, the early dramas we looked at, making them better—truer, livelier, with more awesome poetry.
这些剧作家从早期戏剧开始 慢慢改进 然后变得更好：更真实、更生动、诗也更棒
They prepared the way for–ok, fine–Shakespeare, WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE ...though they didn't always like him.
他们为(嗯好吧)莎士比亚 威廉·莎士比亚铺平了道路……虽然他们不是真心喜欢他
One of them called him an "upstart crow".
其中有一个剧作家称莎士比亚为“自命不凡的乌鸦”
Yeesh! Get thee some milk of the poppy to relieve the scorch from that Rennaissance Burn!
耶屎！给你拿点罂粟花奶来缓解来自“文艺复兴燃烧”引起的焦灼感！
Among the University Wits were Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Robert Green, and Christopher Marlowe.
“大学才子”有托马斯·基德、约翰·莱利、罗伯特·格林和克里斯托弗·马洛
Thomas Kyd is best known for "The Spanish Tragedy".
托马斯·基德最著名的作品是《西班牙悲剧》
It borrows from Seneca, helps kick off the craze for revenge tragedy, and has a strong influence on "Hamlet".
它借鉴了塞内加的作品 掀起了复仇悲剧的热潮 对《哈姆雷特》产生了很大影响
John Lyly wrote charming pastorals, which probably inspired "As You Like It".
约翰·莱利写了一些很有魅力的田园牧歌 可能激发了《皆大欢喜》的灵感
Robert Green, wrote comedies and pastorals and is best known for "Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay,"
罗伯特·格林 写喜剧和牧歌 最出名的作品是《贝肯修士和本盖伊修士》
which is a history play and a love story and also a morality play with magicians and a talking head.
是一部历史剧 讲了一个爱情故事 也是一部道德剧 里面有魔术师和一个会说话的脑袋
YES, YOU ARE ALSO THAT, except you're pretty quiet...
是的 你也是一颗脑袋 不过是一颗安静的脑袋……
And then there's Christopher "Kit" Marlowe, who led a very busy life before dying in a tavern brawl before he was 30.
还有克里斯托弗"才子"马洛 他30岁前就死于酒馆斗殴 生前一直过着非常忙碌的生活
He went to Cambridge, where he earned a master's degree.
他上过剑桥大学并在那里拿到硕士学位
He also worked for the Elizabethan government in some secret capacity, maybe as a spy.
他还以某秘密身份为伊丽莎白政府工作 可能是间谍
His plays are long and intense and full of gorgeous, vivid blank verse which heavily influenced Shakespeare.
他的戏剧冗长而激烈 充满了华丽生动的无韵诗 对莎士比亚产生了很大影响
Marlowe's characters are ambitious. Really ambitious.
马洛笔下的人物野心勃勃 非常野心勃勃
They want to conquer the world or change it. Or—as in the case of "Doctor Faustus,"
他们想要征服世界或者改变世界 或者 就像他那部最著名的戏剧《浮士德博士》里描述的那样
his most famous play—make a deal with the devil that guarantees you a couple of decades as the smartest and most powerful person on earth.
和魔鬼做交易 让你成为未来几十年里地球上最聪明、最强大的人
His tragedies are tragedies of overreaching...of characters who want too much and usually get it, with disastrous consequences.
他的悲剧是放大性的悲剧 有些角色贪得无厌却往往得偿所愿 后果不堪设想
Since he's a big ole deal, we're gonna be devoting our next three episodes to Shakespeare.
因为他是个大人物 所以我们会用接下来的三集专门来讲莎士比亚
Also, Yorick insists.
这也是约里克坚持的
Try to remember that Shakespeare doesn't come from nowhere.
请记住 莎士比亚并非凭空出现
Okay, yes, Stratford-upon-Avon, kind of is nowhere.
好吧 是的 他来自埃文河畔斯特拉特福 就像凭空出现一样
But he doesn't arise ahistorically, or come from nowhere artistically.
但是他的出现也是和历史相关 并不是艺术性地凭空出现
He arrives in a theatrical culture that's already professionalized and thriving,
他所处的时代戏剧文化已经专业化并且在蓬勃发展
in a London of established troupes, competing theaters, and eager beer-swilling, snack-throwing audiences.
伦敦到处都是老牌剧团、相互竞争的剧院 还有喝着啤酒、吃着零食的狂热观众
Who We'll see plenty of next time.
下集我们会看到很多同款观众
Until then… compost those tomatoes… and curtain!
在那之前…把西红柿变成肥料吧…闭幕！
