评论
打印
Unlike Noh actors, Kabuki actors don't wear masks, but each character type has specific makeup associated with it.
和能剧演员不同 歌舞伎演员不戴面具 不过每个角色都有自己特定的妆容
Actors start by painting their faces with a white base, and then they add red and black, with blue and brown if you happened to be playing a demon.
演员们上妆时第一层用的是白色的底色 之后会叠涂红色和黑色 如果你碰巧扮演一个恶魔 那么会再叠涂蓝色和棕色
Onnagata actors draw on fake eyebrows, and if they're playing married women, they blacken their teeth.
女形演员都要画上假眉毛 如果他们扮演的是已婚妇女 那么还要把牙齿涂黑
The costumes are elaborate and can weigh as much as 50 pounds.
他们穿的服装制作精美 重量可达50磅(约23公斤)
Onnagata playing court ladies wore twelve kimonos, one after the other.
女形演员在扮演宫廷女性的时候要穿12件和服 一件套着一件
But because actors were outcasts, and the shogunate had a lot of laws, actors could actually be jailed if their costumes were too nice.
不过因为演员是被排斥的 幕府对此有很多法律 如果演员的服装太过美艳 他们可能会被关进监狱
The Kabuki stage was somewhat different from the Noh stage.
歌舞伎和能剧在舞台构造上也有些不同
It was wider, extending the full width of the auditorium, and at some point, a curtain was added.
更宽 整个观众席的宽度都有所延伸 而且不知从什么时候起还加上了幕布
It was also built for exciting special effects and quick scene changes, used elevator traps, and the stage revolved on a turntable.
歌舞伎的舞台也是为了酷炫的特效和快速的场景变化而建造的 使用了升降舵 舞台能在转盘上旋转
The biggest difference was the Hanamichi, or Flower Way,
最大的不同是花道
a runway that ran from the back of the theater right up to the stage and allowed the actors to walk through the audience.
一条从剧院后面延伸到舞台的跑道 演员可以通过这里穿过观众席
This was the 18th Century equivalent of 3D, and fans loved it so much that some theaters added a second Hanamichi.
等同于18世纪的3D效果 粉丝们非常喜欢这个 一些剧院还增加了一个第二花道
Kabuki was a literary form, though the script was usually secondary to the acting, and actors were encouraged to improvise.
歌舞伎是一种文学形式 不过剧本通常不那么重要 演员们被鼓励即兴创作
Unlike Noh, most early Kabuki plays were set in the present, and a lot of them took place in the Ukiyo,
和能剧不同的是 大多早期的歌舞伎都以现在为背景 其中很多就以浮世绘为背景
the floating world of smut, the same place you would go to see these plays.
一个漂浮着的淫秽世界 是打开歌舞伎的正确地方
A narrator was present onstage, and sometimes the actors would speak their own dialogue, but often the narrator would do it.
舞台上会有一个叙述者 有时候演员们也会自己说 不过一般都是叙述者来说
We're going to look at one of these plays, but first we're going to look at Bunraku, the puppet theatre, which developed around the same time as Kabuki.
我们来看看其中的一部剧 不过我们要先来看一部木偶剧 它跟歌舞伎发展于同一时期
The two forms often influenced each other.
这两种形式的戏剧经常相互影响
Initially, these puppets were just heads.
最初这些木偶只有头
No, yeah, but, like, with eyes and hair and skin and stuff.
不 好吧 不过 人家有眼睛 头发 皮肤这些东西
Eventually, the heads grew hands and feet, and then, someone was like, Let's go nuts, and give them bodies.
最后 头又长出了手和脚 之后某人说：走吧 咱们去浪 所以又给了它们身体
The more sophisticated puppets also have moving eyes and eyebrows, and in action, Bunraku is some uncanny valley stuff.
更复杂的木偶它们的眼睛和眉毛是可以动的 在表演中 文乐木偶戏讲的都是一些神秘谷之类的东西
Ugh! God! Stop staring at me!
啊 天哪 别再盯着我了老兄
Puppet theatre stages were big, thirty-six feet by twenty-three feet and also pretty innovative.
木偶剧的舞台很大 有36英尺长(约11米) 23英尺宽(约7米) 而且创意十足
Like Kabuki theatres, they had elevator traps to move props and scenery on and off stage.
和歌舞伎的剧院一样 他们利用升降舵将道具和布景在舞台上移上移下
As in Kabuki, an announcer hooded in black told the story.
就像在歌舞伎中一样 一位身穿黑衣的报幕员先来讲述这个故事
Three puppeteers manipulated each puppet.
三个人操纵一个木偶
By the 1730's, the puppets were about four feet tall.
18世纪30年代的木偶高约4英尺(约1.2米)
One puppeteer controlled the head and the right arm, one the left arm, and one the feet.
一个木偶剧演员控制头部和右臂 一个控制左臂 一个控制脚
If you were a puppeteer, you had to spend ten years doing the feet and then ten on the hand before they'd even let you touch the head.
如果你是木偶戏演员 你得花十年时间操纵脚 然后十年时间操纵手 之后你才有机会摸摸头
In case you hadn't picked up on the trend, Japanese theatre doesn't mess around.
如果你不了解这一趋势 日本的剧院是不会浪费时间的
The most famous of the Bunraku playwrights was Chikamatsu Monzaemon, who you may remember was also the most popular Kabuki playwright.
文乐木偶戏界最著名的剧作家是近松门左卫门 你可能还记得他也是最受欢迎的歌舞伎剧作家
He's often called the Japanese Shakespeare, but did Shakespeare master the puppet arts? He did not. Take that, Billiam.
他经常被称为日本的莎士比亚 不过莎士比亚精通木偶艺术吗 没有吧 赶紧搞 逼廉
Chikamatsu liked to pull sensational plots from the newspapers and then dramatize them, especially love suicide plays.
近松门左卫门喜欢从报纸上搜集耸人听闻的情节 之后加以改编 他尤其喜欢自杀剧
Basically these do what they say on the tin: it's a whole genre of plays about forbidden love that end in death.
他的戏剧基本和描述的一样：一种讲述以死亡告终的禁忌之爱的戏剧流派
They were eventually banned as too sensational and too likely to inspire copycat suicides.
后来这些戏剧被禁了 因为太过煽情 引发效仿者自杀的几率太高
The following 1703 play is a domestic tragedy based on an actual event: the double suicide of Tokubei, a dealer in soy sauce, and Ohatsu, a courtesan.
下面这出1703年的戏剧是一部根据真实事件改编的家庭悲剧：酱油商人德兵卫和名妓浅井初共同殉情的故事
Now, maybe you're thinking that the death of a soy sauce salesman doesn't sound that tragic,
此刻你可能会觉得一个酱油推销员的死好像不是很悲惨的样子
but let's remember that the audience was full of soy guys, and this really happened.
但我们要知道 观众都是喝酱油长大的 而且这是真实发生的事件
Help us out, Thought Bubble.
帮帮我们吧 思想泡泡
Tokubei loves Ohatsu, but he's being pressured to marry the boss' daughter, and his mom has accepted the dowry.
德兵卫很爱浅井初 但是他迫于压力要娶老板的女儿 而且自个儿妈已经把彩礼给人家了
"It's a miracle I'm still alive. If they make my story into a three-act play, I'm sure the audience will weep", he says.
“我还能活着真是个奇迹 如果他们把我的故事拍成三幕剧 我相信观众会哭的” 他说
Nice, Tokubei.
不错 德兵卫
So, Tokubei manages to get the dowry money back, but because he's not the smartest, he lends it to his friend Kuheiji.
所以 德兵卫设法拿回了彩礼 但是因为他傻乎乎的 他把彩礼借给了朋友九平次
And when he's like, Kuheiji, I need that money back!
当他说：九平次 我需要那笔钱
Kuheiji's all, What money? You forged that IOU, and also I think you stole my wallet.
而九平次却说：啥钱 你弄了张假借条 我认为是你偷了我的钱包
Tokubei is like, Well now I have to marry the boss' daughter for real, but also I'm dishonored, and I'll never be able to see Ohatsu again.
德兵卫说：好吧 现在我要和老板的女儿结婚了 但是我觉得很丢脸 我再也见不到浅井初了
Guess my only choice is to kill myself.
我想我唯一的选择就是自杀
And Ohatsu is like, Same.
浅井初说：同你
Oh, and by the way, this is a conversation they have just with their feet, while Tokubei is hiding under Ohatsu's skirt.
哦 顺便说一下 这是他们用脚进行的对话 因为德兵卫藏在了浅井初的裙子下面
Tokubei spends the night under the porch of Ohatsu's brothel.
德兵卫在浅井初所在的妓院里过了一夜
Just before morning, the couple put on death clothes, go to the Sonezaki Shrine,
天亮之前 他俩穿上了死亡之衣 前往曾根崎神社
where they listen to late-night revelers in the tea house across the river, and sing a song about love suicide.
他们在那里聆听了河对岸茶馆里深夜狂欢者的歌声 并唱了一首关于“爱情自杀”的歌
Again, subtle.
又一个微妙的点
They have a kind of marriage ceremony, and tie themselves to a tree.
他们举行了一种特殊的结婚仪式 把自己绑在树上
Tokubei slits Ohatsu's throat and then his own.
德兵卫割开了浅井初的喉咙 然后是自己的喉咙
The narrator tells us that their story whispers through the Sonezaki wood and today, high and low alike gather to pray for these two lovers who,
叙述者说道：他们的故事在曾根崎森林中低语 今天 所有人无论贵贱 都聚集在一起为这对恋人祈祷
beyond a doubt, will in the future attain Buddhahood. They have become models of true love.
毋庸置疑 他们将来定会成佛 他们已经成为真爱的典范
Thank you, Thought Bubble!
谢谢 思想泡泡
Have they, though?
他们真的成佛了吗
Buddhahood aside, you can see how different this feels from Noh. It's swift, it's contemporary, it's full of plot.
撇开成佛这个事儿不说 你会发现这种剧和能剧在感觉上有多么地不同 歌舞伎剧情发展得快 很现代 而且曲折
It's far more emotional than philosophical, and there's a lot to cry about.
它更多表达的是情感 而不是哲学思想 并且有很多值得哭泣的点
The excitement of these plays may explain why Kabuki is still being performed today. Bunraku, too.
歌舞伎的剧情很刺激 也许这就是这种体裁至今都没有没落的原因 文乐木偶戏也是如此
There's hope for you yet! Next time, we're going to investigate another form of Eastern dance drama:
你也有希望 下集 我们将研究另一种形式的东方舞剧：
the Southeast Asian, party-all-night, kill the demon form called Kathakali.
东南亚 通宵派对 杀死名为卡萨卡利的恶魔
But until then, curtain! And, maybe a haircut.
下集见 闭幕 你该剃头了
