Yet this effort to stamp norms onto a covert and chaotic arena of competition has been unsuccessful.
然而，这种将规范强加于隐蔽而混乱的竞争舞台的努力却没有成功。
For one thing, it is not always simple to define what is "honourable", in Mr Hayden's parlance, and what is not.
首先，用海登的话来说，界定入侵行为是否“光荣”并不总是那么简单。
If stealing a policy document is kosher, why not a vaccine?
如果界定窃取政策文件为正当活动，那为什么不可以窃取疫苗文件呢？
The line between espionage and subversion is also blurred:
间谍活动和破坏活动之间的界限也很模糊：
is Russia stealing emails to understand American policy, or to publish them later?
俄罗斯窃取电子邮件是为了了解美国政策，还是为了稍后公布它们？
It is not always clear until after the fact.
直到事后才清楚。
Most so-called cyber-attacks are simply espionage.
大多数所谓的网络攻击只是间谍活动。
But espionage conducted over computer networks has enabled intelligence gathering on a scale that was previously impossible.
但通过计算机网络进行的间谍活动使情报收集达到了前所未有的规模。
Though America has been as much a beneficiary of this intelligence revolution as it has been a victim,
尽管美国既是这场情报革命的受益者，也是受害者，
it has grown less tolerant in recent years.
但近年来美国的容忍度有所下降。
American views of "what's allowed in cyberspace" have changed since the OPM breach five years ago, says Max Smeets of the Centre for Security Studies in Zurich.
Such large-scale espionage "would be now at the top of the list of operations that they would deem as unacceptable," he suggests.
他表示，美国目前认为如此大规模的间谍活动“将是不可接受的首要行动”。
Yet forbidding something is different from stopping it.
然而，禁止与阻止是不同的。
"Deterrence is mostly irrelevant in an intelligence contest," writes Joshua Rovner of the American University in Washington, a scholar-in-residence at the NSA in 2018-19.
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