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In 1944, 11 years before her fateful decision on a Montgomery Bus, Rosa Parks was investigating a vicious crime.
1944年，也就是罗莎·帕克斯在蒙哥马利公交车上做出重大决定的11年前，她正在调查一起恶性犯罪。
As an emissary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,
作为全国有色人种促进会的使者，
she had traveled to rural Alabama to meet with Recy Taylor, a young woman who had been sexually assaulted by six white men.
她曾前往阿拉巴马州的乡村与蕾西·泰勒会面，后者是一名年轻女性，曾遭到六名白人男性的性侵犯。
It would be difficult enough to convince an Alabama court that even one of these men was guilty, but Rosa was undeterred.
要让阿拉巴马州的法庭相信其中一人有罪是非常困难的，但是罗莎并没有被吓倒。
She formed a committee to defend Recy in court, flooding the media with testimony and sparking protests throughout the South.
她成立了一个委员会，在法庭上为雷茜辩护，她的证词充斥着媒体，在整个南方引发了抗议。
When a jury failed to indict the attackers, Parks demanded the governor assemble a new grand jury.
当陪审团未能起诉袭击者时，帕克斯要求州长组建一个新的大陪审团。
She wrote, "I know that you will not fail to let the people of Alabama know that there is equal justice for all of our citizens."
她写道：“我知道，你们一定会让阿拉巴马州的人民知道，我们所有的公民都享有平等的正义。”
Throughout her life, Parks repeatedly challenged racial violence and the prejudiced systems protecting its perpetrators.
在她的一生中，帕克斯不断挑战种族暴力与为保护罪犯的偏见制度。
But this work came at an enormous risk -- and a personal price.
但这项工作冒着巨大的风险--带来了她个人的代价。
Born in 1913, Rosa was raised by her mother and grandparents in rural Alabama.
罗莎出生于1913年，在阿拉巴马州的农村，由母亲和外祖父母抚养长大。
But outside this loving home, the fear of racial violence cast a long shadow.
但在这个充满爱的家庭之外，对种族暴力的恐惧给她留下不小的阴影。
The Ku Klux Klan frequently drove past their home, and Jim Crow laws segregated public spaces.
三K党经常开车经过他们的家，而吉姆克劳法隔离了公共场所。
At 19 she settled in Montgomery and married Raymond Parks, a barber who shared her growing fury at racial injustice.
19岁时，她在蒙哥马利定居，嫁给了雷蒙德·帕克斯，帕克斯是一名理发师，和她一样，对种族不公感到越来越愤怒。
He was involved with the local chapter of the NAACP; a role many avoided for fear of persecution.
他参与了全国有色人种协进会的地方分会；很多人因为害怕被迫害而避讳的组织。
At first Raymond was eager to keep Rosa safe from the potential dangers of activism.
起初，雷蒙德急于保护罗莎免受激进主义的潜在危险。
But as she grew more incensed at the limitations imposed on African Americans, she could no longer stand by.
但随着她对强加给非裔美国人的限制越来越愤怒，她再也不能袖手旁观了。
When she officially joined the NAACP in 1943, Parks and Johnnie Rebecca Carr were the only women in the Montgomery chapter.
1943年她正式加入NAACP时，帕克斯和约翰尼·丽贝卡·卡尔是蒙哥马利分会中仅有的两名女性。
She began keeping minutes for their meetings, and soon found herself elected secretary of the chapter -- formally beginning her secret double life.
她开始为他们的会议做记录，很快就被选为分会的秘书--正式开始了她秘密的双重生活。
By day, Rosa worked as a seamstress to support her mother and husband.
白天，罗莎做裁缝来支持她的母亲和丈夫。
By night, she researched and documented numerous civil rights cases, from local policy disputes to high-profile murder cases and hate crimes.
晚上，她研究和记录大量民权案件，从地方政策争端到备受关注的谋杀案件和仇恨犯罪。
As secretary, she prepared public responses on behalf of the Montgomery chapter, battling the harsh sentencing, false accusation and smear campaigns frequently used against African Americans.
作为秘书，她代表蒙哥马利分会准备了公众针对非裔美国人的严厉判决、诬告和诽谤作斗争。
In addition to her legal work, Parks was a brilliant local strategist.
除了她的法律工作，帕克斯还是当地一位杰出的战略家。
As advisor to the NAACP youth group council, she helped young people navigate segregated systems including voter registration and whites-only libraries.
作为全国有色人种协进会青年组织理事会的顾问，她帮助年轻人了解种族隔离制度，包括选民登记和白人专用图书馆。
Through the cover of the NAACP, Parks strived to bring clandestine civil rights activities into the open.
借助全国有色人种协进会，帕克斯努力使秘密的民权活动公开化。
She advocated for civil disobedience training and spoke out against racial violence, particularly the murder of Emmet Till.
她倡导公民不服从训练，公开反对种族暴力，尤其是埃米特·蒂尔谋杀案。
In 1955, her refusal to move to the back of a segregated bus helped ignite the grassroots movement she had hoped for.
1955年，她拒绝在一辆种族隔离的公交车上坐在后排，这点燃了她所期待已久的民间运动。
Parks was arrested and jailed for her one-woman protest, where she was visited by local activists.
帕克斯因女性抗议活动而被捕入狱，当地活动人士还到那里看望了她。
Together they planned a twenty-four hour bus boycott. It lasted for three hundred and eighty-one days.
他们一起策划了一场24小时的公共汽车抵制运动。其持续了381天。
Park's simple act had transformed nascent civil rights activism into a national movement.
帕克斯的行为将新生的民权运动变成了一场全国性的运动。
In 1956, the boycott ended when the Supreme Court ruled in favor of desegregating public transport.
1956年，最高法院裁定取消公共交通隔离，抵制运动随之结束。
But this victory for the movement had come at a great cost.
但是这场运动的胜利付出了巨大的代价。
Rosa had been receiving vicious death threats throughout the campaign, and was unable to find work in Montgomery because of her political reputation.
罗莎在整个抵制运动过程中一直受到恶毒的死亡威胁，由于她的政治声誉，她无法在蒙哥马利找到工作。
In 1957, she moved to Detroit to continue working as a seamstress, until being hired by Congressman John Conyers to help support his burgeoning civil rights campaigns.
1957年，她搬到底特律继续做裁缝，直到被国会议员约翰·科尼尔斯雇佣，帮助支持他蓬勃发展的民权运动。
Ever vigilant in the fight against racial inequality, Parks remained active for the next 40 years.
帕克斯在反对种族不平等的斗争中始终保持警惕，在接下来的40年里一直保持活跃。
She wrote several books, traveled across the country giving talks to support other activists,
她写了几本书，并在全国各地发表演讲支持其他活动人士，
and established an institute for the education of young people in her late husband's memory.
并建立了一个年轻人教育研究所，以纪念她已故的丈夫。
Today, Rosa Parks is remembered as a radical spirit who railed against the most powerful people and policies.
今天，罗莎·帕克斯作为反对权贵与极端政策被人们所铭记。
Her call to action continues to resound: "knowing what must be done does away with fear."
她的行动号召仍在回响：“知道必须做什么可以消除恐惧。”
