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In 1932, the Great Depression entered its third winter.
1932年，大萧条进入了第三冬。
One in four Americans was unemployed, marking the highest unemployment rate in the country's history.
四分之一的美国人失业，创下了美国历史上最高的失业率。
Tens of thousands had lost their homes and life savings, and there was very little confidence that Republican President Herbert Hoover could turn things around.
成千上万的人失去家园和毕生积蓄，大家对共和党总统赫伯特·胡佛扭转局面几乎没有信心。
So when the election came, voters flocked to his Democratic competitor.
开始大选时，选民们纷纷涌向了他的民主党竞争对手。
Franklin D. Roosevelt promised a New Deal for Americans -- a comprehensive set of legislation to support struggling citizens and put the country back to work.
富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福承诺为美国人制定新政--一套全面的立法来支持陷入困境的公民，并使国家重回正轨。
The massive federal intervention Roosevelt proposed was a radical challenge to the individualist ideals that governed many Americans' lives.
对主导许多美国人生活的个人主义理想而言，罗斯福提议的大规模联邦干预是一项根本性的挑战。
But due to the extreme circumstances, he began his presidency with public and political support.
但由于所处的极端情况，他在公众和政治支持下开始了总统任期。
With the help of his advisers, Roosevelt's first hundred days in office were perhaps the most eventful of any US president.
在其顾问们的帮助下，罗斯福上任的前一百天可能是所有美国总统中最关键的。
In just over three months, he pushed over 15 bills through Congress and created an "alphabet soup" of government agencies to help farmers, workers, and businesses.
在短短三个多月内，他推动了超过15项法案通过国会，并创造了推动新政的众多政府机构来帮助农民、工人和企业。
The New Deal's first priority was stabilizing the banks.
新政的首要任务是稳定银行。
Over the previous three years, many Americans had withdrawn their savings out of fear the bank would lose their money in bad investments.
在过去的三年里，由于担心银行在不良投资中亏本，许多美国人已经取出银行存款。
So to regain the public's confidence, FDR increased federal oversight of commercial banks,
因此，为了重拾公众信心，罗斯福加强了对商业银行的联邦监督，
and created bank insurance to guarantee that any deposited funds would always be available.
并创建了银行保险，以保证任何存入资金将永远可取。
Next, he established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
接着，他成立了联邦紧急救济署。
FERA cataloged each state's need for relief and provided funds to help citizens afford groceries, rent, clothing, coal, and other necessities.
联邦紧急救济署对每个州的救济需求建立目录，并提供资金帮助市民支付食品杂货、房租、衣服、煤炭及其它必需品。
Meanwhile, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration subsidized farmers and educated them in improving planting techniques.
同时，农调局补贴农民，并教他们改进种植技术。
These policies fed and housed thousands, but they didn't significantly address the New Deal's biggest promise: reducing unemployment.
这些政策养活了数千人，但并未解决新政最大的承诺：减少失业。
So the Civilian Conservation Corps was established to employ over 250,000 young men for projects like tree planting, irrigation, and fire prevention.
因此，成立了平民保育团，招募了逾25万名年轻人从事如植树、灌溉和防火项目。
The CCC offered onsite work camps that provided food, shelter, and education to those employed; mostly young, single men with families in need of relief.
保育团提供现场工作营，为就业者提供食物、住所和教育，多数是年轻、有家庭、需要救济的单身男性。
Subsequent programs like the Works Progress Administration and the Tennessee Valley Authority added projects building roads, bridges, and hydroelectric dams.
随后的计划，如公共事业振兴署和田纳西河谷管理局，增加了修建道路、桥梁和水电大坝的项目。
The WPA also funded art, writing, and theater programs. These initiatives cut civilian unemployment in half.
公共事业振兴署还资助艺术、写作和戏剧项目，这些举措将平民失业率减少了一半。
And they did so alongside labor acts that abolished child labor, granted unions the right to collective bargaining, and set the first national minimum wage.
同时，还通过了废除童工的劳工法案、授予工会集体谈判的权利，并制定全国首个最低工资标准。
Benefits were also created to help those unable to work.
福利还覆盖到了那些无法工作的人。
The Social Security Act established an old-age pension system in addition to unemployment insurance, disability benefits, and welfare assistance.
社会保障法除建立失业保险、伤残津贴和和福利援助外，还建立了养老金制度。
But despite these sweeping policies, the New Deal helped some groups more than others.
但尽管有这些大规模的政策，新政对某些群体的帮助大于其他群体。
Black Americans were hit hardest by the economic downturn, and the New Deal's impact on Black communities varied widely.
美国黑人受经济衰退打击最严重，新政对黑人社区的影响千差万别。
In northern cities like Chicago, Black citizens received a large share of jobs, vocational training, and education,
在芝加哥等北部城市，黑人公民获得了大量工作、职业培训和教育机会，
with New Deal programs teaching more than one million Black Americans to read.
新政计划教会逾100万美国黑人阅读。
Northern Black communities also received an influx of public housing, though it was heavily segregated. In the South, results were less positive.
北部黑人社区的公共住房也大量增加，尽管被严格隔离开来。在南方，结果不太乐观。
Roosevelt relied heavily on the support of Southern Democrats, who welcomed economic development but fought to preserve white supremacy.
罗斯福严重依赖南方民主党人的支持，他们欢迎经济发展，但为维护白人至上而奋斗。
They ensured that new labor laws excluded domestic servants and agricultural workers, occupations held by many Black Americans.
他们确保新的劳动法不包括家庭佣工和农业工人，这是许多美国黑人从事的职业。
These politicians and many others also undermined Eleanor Roosevelt's attempts to push her husband toward supporting a federal anti-lynching law.
这些政客和许多其他人也破坏了埃莉诺·罗斯福试图推动她丈夫支持的联邦反私刑法。
As a result, the New Deal has often been called a "raw deal" for Black communities.
因此，对黑人社区来说，新政通常被称为“原始交易”。
And many modern inequities in housing, employment, and financial stability are partially due to New Deal programs prioritizing white Americans.
而住房、就业和金融稳定方面的许多现代不平等的部分原因，是新政计划优先考虑美国白人。
In these ways and more, the New Deal didn't fully live up to its promises.
从这些方面以及其它方面看，新政并没有完全兑现其承诺。
Despite employing over 8 million Americans, unemployment never went lower than 14%.
尽管雇佣了超过800万美国人，失业率也从未低于14%。
And the US economy wouldn't fully recover until the country's mobilization for World War II.
直到美国为二战进行国家总动员，美国经济才完全复苏。
But this bold campaign of progressive policies did empower unions to start their own revolution.
但这个大胆的进步政策运动确实授权工会开始他们自己的革命。
In the coming decades, northern liberals, Black Americans, and other working minorities, united to fight discriminatory hiring.
在接下来的几十年里，北方自由主义者、美国黑人和其他少数工作族裔，团结起来抗争歧视性招聘。
In the process, they reshaped the Democratic Party; challenging its racist leadership, and laying the groundwork for an emerging civil rights coalition.
在这个过程中，他们重塑了民主党，挑战其种族主义领导，并为新兴的民权联盟奠定基础。
