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Vaccines. A vaccine contains a small amount of a virus.
疫苗。疫苗中含有少量病毒。
Doctors can inject this virus into a person.
医生可以将这种病毒注射到人体内。
A person’s defence system will attack the virus.
人的防御系统会攻击这种病毒。
It will produce new cells that will recognize the virus.
它将会产生识别这种病毒的新细胞。
If a person’s body becomes infected with the virus, the person will not get sick.
如果一个人的身体感染了这种病毒，这个人就不会生病。
Defence cells will attack the virus.
防御细胞将会攻击这种病毒。
Common vaccines are the polio vaccine and the small pox vaccine.
常见的疫苗有脊髓灰质炎疫苗和天花疫苗。
Sanitation. Sanitation is the clearing of solid human waste.
卫生设施。卫生设施清除人类固体废物。
It is also the measures taken to make sure things are clean.
这也是为确保一切东西清洁而采取的措施。
This includes chemicals and soaps people can use to wash surfaces and their bodies.
其中包括人们可以用来清洗表面和身体的化学物质和肥皂。
Sanitation protects against the spread of disease.
卫生设施可防止疾病传播。
About 15 percent of the people questioned by the British Medical Journal voted for sanitation.
在接受《英国医学杂志》询问的人中，约15%的人投票选择了卫生设施。
These people believe that sanitation is the best medical development in over 100 years. But why?
这些人认为，卫生设施是100多年来最好的医疗发展。但是为什么呢？
Well, during the 19th century many people in Europe were dying of cholera.
在19世纪，欧洲有很多人死于霍乱。
No one knew how cholera spread.
没有人知道霍乱是如何传播的。
Then one day a man named John Snow turned off a particular water pump in London.
后来有一天，一个叫约翰·斯诺的人关掉了伦敦的一个水泵。
Many people got their water from this pump.
很多人都从这个水泵取水。
It was not a very clean area.
它不是一个非常干净的区域。
But, shutting off the pump stopped the spread of cholera in that area.
但是，关闭水泵阻止了霍乱在该地区的传播。
Soon people began to create systems through cities.
不久，人们开始在城市创建系统。
One system would bring clean water into peoples’ homes through pipes.
其中一个系统将通过管道将清洁的水输送到人们的家中。
And another system would take dirty, waste-filled water out.
而另一个系统将把肮脏的、充满废物的水排出。
In this way, clean and dirty water did not mix.
这样，干净的水和脏的水就不会混合在一起。
This idea spread through parts of Europe.
这一想法在欧洲部分地区传播开来。
And, deaths from cholera and diarrhoea dropped by 12 percent!
霍乱和腹泻的死亡率下降了12%！
Now people use these systems all over the world.
如今全世界的人都在使用这种系统。
