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The cocktail of additives and preservatives in upf harm people in ways both known and unknown.
超加工食品中的添加剂和防腐剂以已知和未知的方式对人体造成伤害。
It seems to affect the gut microbiome, the trillions of bacteria that contribute to health in a range of ways.
它似乎会影响肠道微生物群，而肠道微生物群是数以万亿计的细菌，它们以各种方式促进健康。
Calorie-rich but usually nutrient-poor, upf contributes to obesity in part because its palatability and soft texture foster overconsumption, overriding satiety signals from the brain.
超加工食品富含卡路里，但通常缺乏营养，它会导致肥胖，部分原因是它美味和柔软的质地会让人过度食用，从而压倒大脑发出的饱腹感信号。
Because this frankenfood is cheap to produce and buy, upf displaces healthier alternatives, particularly for poor people.
因为这种“弗兰肯食品”的生产和购买成本都很低，它取代了更健康的替代品，尤其是对穷人来说。
Extra weight was once a sign of wealth, but among British and American women today, obesity rates are higher at lower-income levels.
超重曾是富有的标志，但在今天的英国和美国女性中，低收入阶层的肥胖率更高。
(Curiously, rates do not vary for men, even though a greater share of American men than women are obese.)
(奇怪的是，尽管美国男性的肥胖率高于女性，但男性的肥胖率却没有变化。)
The reasons why upf can be harmful are not always clear, even to scientists.
即使对科学家来说，超加工食品有害的原因也并不总是很清楚。
Additives that may be safe in isolation or small quantities may be harmful in combination with other chemicals or when consumed regularly.
一些添加剂单独使用或少量使用时可能安全，与其他化学品结合使用或经常使用时却可能有害。
If we are what we eat, considering the impact of upf is essential, but too often Mr van Tulleken’s case for clean food is accompanied by anti-capitalist preening: for instance, he nonsensically calls corporate-tax minimisation “part of ultra-processing”.
如果我们吃什么就是什么，那么考虑超加工食品的影响就是必不可少的，但范·塔肯对清洁食品的主张往往包裹着反资本主义的外壳：例如，他荒谬地将公司税最小化称为“超加工的一部分”。
Environment matters, too.
环境也很重要。
People who live in what the author calls “food swamps”, where “upf is everywhere but real food is harder to reach”, could spend large amounts of time and money seeking out fresh food, but that is not how most people live.
作者所说的“食物沼泽”里面“到处都是食物，但很难找到真正的食物”，生活在里面的人可能会花费大量的时间和金钱寻找新鲜食物，但这并不是大多数人的生活方式。
There is nothing wrong with the odd fast-food trip, but anyone who can afford to eat less upf probably should.
偶尔吃点快餐没什么错，但任何有能力的人可能都应该少吃点。
