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Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.[qh]
你好。这里是BBC英语六分钟。我是尼尔。[qh]
And I'm Georgie. Would you like a cup of tea, Neil?[qh]
我是乔基。你想喝杯茶吗，尼尔?[qh]
Oh, yes thanks, Georgie - with milk and three sugars please.[qh]
哦，是的，谢谢，乔基，请加牛奶和三块糖。[qh]
Three sugars!? Wow, you really have a sweet tooth - you like eating sweet things.[qh]
三块糖! ?哇，你真爱吃甜食——你喜欢吃甜食。[qh]
Aren't you worried about your weight?[qh]
你不担心你的体重吗?[qh]
Yes, but I can't say 'no' to sugar. Just as our addiction to oil is causing a climate emergency, our addiction to sugar is causing a health emergency for our bodies.[qh]
是的，但是我不能对糖说不。就像我们对石油的依赖导致了气候危机一样，我们对糖的依赖也导致了我们身体的健康危机。[qh]
Sugar gives us an instant hit of the chemical hormone, dopamine, making us feel good, but in the long run causing obesity, tooth decay, and diseases like diabetes.[qh]
糖能让我们瞬间产生化学激素多巴胺，让我们感觉良好，但从长远来看，它会导致肥胖、蛀牙和糖尿病等疾病。[qh]
But how did our addiction to the sweet stuff begin?[qh]
但我们对甜食的上瘾是怎么开始的呢?[qh]
That's what we'll be discussing in this programme and, as usual, we'll be learning some useful new vocabulary as well. Anyway, here's your tea, Neil… I just put one sugar.[qh]
这就是我们今天节目要讨论的话题，和往常一样，我们也会学习一些有用的新词汇。不管怎样，这是你的茶，尼尔，我只放了一块糖。[qh]
Thanks, Georgie, I'll give it a try. Now before we go on, I have a question for you.[qh]
谢谢，乔基，我会试试的。在我们继续之前，我有个问题要问你。[qh]
Sugar cane, which grows naturally in Asia, Africa and the Americas, first came to England in the 11th century.[qh]
甘蔗自然生长在亚洲、非洲和美洲，最早于11世纪传入英国。[qh]
Back then it was an expensive luxury item, affordable only to kings, queens and the very rich.[qh]
那时候，它是一种昂贵的奢侈品，只有国王、王后和非常富有的人才买得起。[qh]
So, which English monarch loved eating sugar so much their teeth turned black?[qh]
那么，哪位英国君主喜欢吃糖到牙齿都变黑了呢?[qh]
Was it: a) King Henry VIII? b) Queen Elizabeth I? or, c) Mary Queen of Scots?[qh]
它是：a)亨利八世?b)伊丽莎白女王一世?还是c)苏格兰玛丽女王?[qh]
I know Henry VIII was very unhealthy, so I'll guess it's him.[qh]
我知道亨利八世很不健康，所以我猜是他。[qh]
OK, Georgie, we'll find out the answer later in the programme.[qh]
好的，乔基，稍后我们会在节目中揭晓答案。[qh]
Just now, I compared sugar to oil as the world's most important commodity.[qh]
刚才，我把糖比作石油，认为它是世界上最重要的商品。[qh]
A commodity is a product or natural resource that can be traded, bought and sold.[qh]
商品是一种可以交易、买卖的产品或自然资源。[qh]
Today, economies, governments and wars are based on controlling oil, but in earlier centuries, the same was true of sugar.[qh]
现在，经济、政府和战争都是以控制石油为基础的，但在更早的几个世纪里，糖也是如此。[qh]
For four hundred years, sugar, along with coffee and tobacco, was grown in slavery plantations and shipped across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe.[qh]
四百年来，糖、咖啡和烟草都是在奴隶种植园里种植的，然后穿过大西洋运到欧洲。[qh]
By the time slavery was ended in 1834, the demand for sugar in Europe and the United States was at a record high.[qh]
到1834年奴隶制结束时，欧洲和美国对糖的需求达到了历史新高。[qh]
Here's professor of international history, Ulba Bosma, explaining more to BBC Radio 4 programme, Thinking Allowed:[qh]
以下是国际历史教授乌尔巴·博斯玛在BBC广播4频道《允许思考》节目中解释的更多内容:[qh]
Sugar was already an extremely important commodity in the 16th and 17th and 18th century, and in the 19th century we see a staggering growth of sugar consumption in Europe and the United States.[qh]
在16、17和18世纪，糖已经是一种极其重要的商品，在19世纪，我们看到欧洲和美国的糖消费出现了惊人的增长。[qh]
And with that, sugar became the fuel for human bodies, whereas oil became the fuel for vehicles in the 20th century.[qh]
因此，糖成为了人体的燃料，而石油在20世纪成为了汽车的燃料。[qh]
Professor Bosma talks about the staggering growth in the popularity of sugar.[qh]
博斯玛教授谈到了糖的普及程度的惊人增长。[qh]
The adjective, staggering, means shocking or surprising.[qh]
形容词，惊人的，意思是令人震惊的或令人惊讶的。[qh]
Just like oil became the fuel for machine engines, sugar became the fuel for the human body.[qh]
就像油成为机器发动机的燃料一样，糖成为人体的燃料。[qh]
Fuel is a substance that is burned to provide heat or power.[qh]
燃料是一种燃烧来提供热量或动力的物质。[qh]
Trading companies had become rich selling sugar grown using slave labour.[qh]
贸易公司通过出售使用奴隶劳动种植的糖而发家致富。[qh]
When people began to realise the health problems of sugar in the 20th century, these companies needed new ways to sell their product, and began using sugar in food which had previously contained none, food like bread, cereal and yogurt.[qh]
当人们在20世纪开始意识到糖的健康问题时，这些公司需要新的方法来销售他们的产品，并开始在以前不含糖的食品中使用糖，如面包、谷物和酸奶。[qh]
Here's Professor Bosma again, taking up the story for BBC Radio 4's, Thinking Allowed:[qh]
下面是博斯玛教授在BBC广播4台《允许思考》节目中再次讲述的故事:[qh]
You can flood the market with a certain commodity, with sugar in this case, but that still does not mean that people will consume it, so the eating habits of people had to change.[qh]
你可以用某种商品充斥市场，比如糖，但这并不意味着人们会消费它，所以人们的饮食习惯必须改变。[qh]
People until the early 19th century they had a few spoons of sugar per week, but not a kilo which people consume today in many countries in the world…[qh]
直到19世纪初，人们每周才吃几勺糖，而不是今天世界上许多国家人们吃的一公斤糖……[qh]
Sugar companies flooded the market with their commodity.[qh]
制糖公司向市场倾销他们的商品。[qh]
If you flood the market, you make a lot of your product available for sale, often at a low price.[qh]
如果你的产品充斥市场，指制造大量产品以供销售，通常价格很低。[qh]
But just because something is cheap and easily available, doesn't mean people will eat it.[qh]
但是，仅仅因为某样东西便宜、容易买到，并不意味着人们会吃它。[qh]
So, sugar companies tried to increase sugar consumption by changing people's eating habits – the way a group of people eat, for example which types of food they eat, how much of it, and how often.[qh]
因此，糖业公司试图通过改变人们的饮食习惯来增加糖的消费量，饮食习惯指人群的饮食方式，比如他们吃的食物种类，吃了多少，多久吃一次。[qh]
Instead of one or two spoons of sugar per week, people started eating kilos, with results we see around us every day - worldwide, obesity and heart disease have tripled in the last 50 years.[qh]
人们不再每周摄入一勺或两勺糖，而是开始以公斤为单位进食，我们每天都能看到这样的结果——在过去50年里，全球范围内的肥胖和心脏病增加了两倍。[qh]
What's more, because sugary food is cheaper, it's often the poorest in society who are worst affected.[qh]
更重要的是，因为含糖食物更便宜，受影响最严重的经常是社会上最贫穷的人。[qh]
Hmm, maybe it's time to try having your tea without any sugar, eh, Neil?[qh]
嗯，也许是时候试着喝不加糖的茶了，是吧，尼尔?[qh]
And to reveal the answer to your question: which English monarch's famous love of sugar turned their teeth black?[qh]
并揭晓你的问题的答案:哪位英国君主因爱吃糖而牙齿变黑?[qh]
I guessed it was the notorious overeater, Henry VIII…[qh]
我猜是臭名昭著的暴饮暴食者亨利八世……[qh]
Which was… the wrong answer I'm afraid, Georgie.[qh]
恐怕你回答错了，乔基。[qh]
In fact, during the years before toothpaste and dentists, those black stumpy teeth belonged to Queen Elizabeth I.[qh]
事实上，在牙膏和牙医出现之前的几年里，那些又黑又粗的牙齿属于伊丽莎白女王一世。[qh]
OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned from this programme about sugar, starting with a sweet tooth – a fondness for eating sweet, sugary food and drinks.[qh]
好，让我们回顾一下本期节目中学到的关于糖的词汇，从爱吃甜食开始——喜欢吃甜的、含糖的食物和饮料。[qh]
A commodity is a product or natural resource that can be traded, bought and sold.[qh]
商品是一种可以交易、买卖的产品或自然资源。[qh]
Fuel is a substance such as oil or coal that is burned to provide heat or power.[qh]
燃料是一种物质，如油或煤，燃烧提供热量或动力。[qh]
The adjective staggering means very shocking and surprising.[qh]
形容词令人惊愕的意思是非常令人震惊和惊讶。[qh]
If a company floods the market, they release a lot of a particular product for sale, often at a low price.[qh]
如果一家公司充斥市场，他们推出大量特定产品，通常是以低价。[qh]
And finally, eating habits describe the way a particular group of people eat, for example which types of food they eat, how much and how often.[qh]
最后，饮食习惯描述了特定人群的饮食方式，例如他们吃什么类型的食物，吃多少，多久吃一次。[qh]
Once again our six minutes are up! Join us again soon for more trending topics and useful vocabulary, here at 6 Minute English. Goodbye for now! Bye![qh]
我们的六分钟又到了!加入我们以获取更多热门话题和有用信息词汇，这里是六分钟英语。再见了!再见![qh]
