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Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil. And I'm Beth.
大家好。这是BBC六分钟英语。我是尼尔，我是贝丝。
You may have one, or know someone who does… and at one time you've been one yourself. I'm talking about toddlers.
您可能有一个这样的孩子，或者认识某个这样的孩子……而且您自己曾经也是这样的。我说的是幼儿。
A toddler is a young child usually between two and four years old who is learning to walk, or 'toddling'.
幼儿是通常在两岁到四岁之间学习走路或“蹒跚学步”的幼儿。
It's an important stage in a child's development as they learn to move and understand the world around them.
这是孩子成长过程中的一个重要阶段，因为他们要学会移动并了解周围的世界。
It's also known as the 'terrible twos'. When toddlers can't do the things they want to they experience frustration which often leads to tantrums, a sudden and noisy outburst of anger.
这也被称为“可怕的两岁”。当幼儿不能做他们想做的事情时，他们会感到沮丧，往往会发脾气，突然大吵大闹。
We've probably all seen the tears and screams when a young child can't have what they want!
我们可能都看到过当一个小孩得不到他们想要的东西时，他们会哭和尖叫！
Yes, the famous temper tantrums! But being a toddler is also an exciting time as a child's personality starts to develop.
是的，就是著名的发脾气！但幼儿时期也是一个令人兴奋的时期，因为孩子的个性开始发展。
So what can we adults learn from toddlers? That's what we'll be finding out in this programme, along with some useful new vocabulary.
那么我们成年人可以从幼儿身上学到什么呢？这就是我们将在本期节目中了解的内容，以及一些有用的新词汇。
But first I have a question for you, Beth. Being a toddler is certainly an important stage in a child's growth, but which of the following statements is true?
但首先我要问你一个问题，贝丝。幼儿阶段无疑是孩子成长的重要阶段，但以下哪项陈述是正确的？
a) toddlers are attracted to shapes that resemble the human body b) toddlers are more active than at any other time in their lives, or, c) toddlers can grow up to three centimetres during sleep time
a)幼儿喜欢与人体相似的形状，b)幼儿比他们生命中的任何其他时间都更活跃，c)幼儿在睡眠时间可以长高三厘米
Hmm, I think toddlers can grow up to three centimetres while they sleep.
嗯，我认为幼儿在睡觉时可以长高三厘米。
OK, Beth, we'll find out if that's the correct answer later in the programme. At two or three years old, there's not much toddlers can do for themselves.
好的，贝丝，我们将在后面的节目中找出这是否是正确的答案。两三岁的幼儿几乎不能自己做很多事情。
They depend on mum or dad to feed, clothe and care for them, so it's strange to think there's anything adults could learn.
他们依靠妈妈或爸爸来喂养、穿衣和照顾他们，所以很难想象成年人能学到什么。
But not according to Dr Hasan Merali, author of a new book 'Sleep Well, Take Risks, Squish the Peas' and father to his own toddler, who spoke with BBC Radio 4 programme, Woman's Hour:
但新书Sleep Well, Take Risks, Squish the Peas的作者、一位父亲Hasan Merali博士却不这么认为，他接受了英国广播公司四台《女性时空》节目的采访：
When I see the toddlers by themselves they're doing a lot of things out loud. Little Julie's putting on her mitts and saying, "Julie can do it".
当我看到这些孩子独自一人时，他们会大声做很多事情。小朱莉戴上手套说：“朱莉能做到。”
And Coltan's over in the side, and he's looking down at his boots, and they're on the wrong way, and so he says "Oh, Coltan did this wrong!"
而Coltan在旁边低头看着自己的靴子，发现靴子穿错了方向，于是他说：“哦，Coltan做错了！”
And this idea of self-talk is really a way to decrease stress in anxiety provoking situations.
这种自言自语的想法确实是一种在焦虑情况下减轻压力的方法。
Dr Merali observed toddlers talking to themselves out loud. When you talk out loud you speak so that other people can hear you.
Merali博士观察到幼儿大声自言自语。当你大声说话时，你是为了让别人能听到你说话。
But it's what the toddlers were saying that's really interesting. When a little girl called Julie learned how to put on her gloves, she told herself, 'Julie can do it!'
但幼儿说的话才是真正有趣的。当一个叫朱莉的小女孩学会戴手套时，她告诉自己：“朱莉能做到！”
This is a special kind of talking out loud known as self-talk. Self-talk means the messages that you tell yourself, and the way in which you tell them.
这是一种特殊的大声说话方式，称为自言自语。自言自语是指你告诉自己的信息，以及你告诉自己的方式。
It's your inner voice, and in toddlers it's usually positive and encouraging. Unfortunately, as we grow up our self-talk often becomes less encouraging and more critical.
这是你内心的声音，在幼儿时期通常是积极和鼓舞人心的。不幸的是，随着我们长大，我们的自言自语往往变得不那么鼓舞人心，反而更加挑剔。
Instead of a positive, loving inner voice, as adults we tend to tell ourselves: 'You can't do it!' or 'you're no good!'
作为成年人，我们倾向于告诉自己：“你做不到！”或“你不行！”，而不是积极、充满爱的内心声音。
Here's Dr Merali again, explaining more to BBC Radio 4 programme, Woman's Hour:
以下是Merali博士在英国广播公司四台节目《女性时空》中进一步解释的内容：
We often get into the cycle of negative self-talk, and I think one of the best strategies that we can do is give ourselves more positive self-talk,
我们经常陷入消极的自我对话循环，我认为我们可以采取的最佳策略之一就是给自己更多积极的自我对话，
so an easy way to do it is when you're down on yourself, and angry with yourself, think about talking to yourself as a good friend instead of actually you, and you'll notice that difference in how you talk to yourself.
因此，一个简单的方法是，当你对自己失望和生气时，想象自己是一个好朋友而不是真正的自己，你会注意到你对自己说话方式的不同。
As an adult, you might be down on yourself. If you're down on yourself, you feel disappointed and self-critical about yourself.
作为一个成年人，你可能会对自己失望。如果你对自己失望，你会对自己感到失望和自我批评。
When this happens your self-talk gets very negative, for example telling yourself you're no good, and this can lead to a negative cycle, a pattern of repeating the same negative thoughts over and over again.
当这种情况发生时，你的自我对话会变得非常消极，例如告诉自己你不好，这会导致一个负面循环，一种一遍又一遍重复同样消极想法的模式。
This can be a problem, but not for toddlers who are naturally good at talking kindly to themselves and celebrating the little things, like learning to get dressed.
这可能是一个问题，但对于天生善于善待自己和庆祝小事（如学会穿衣服）的幼儿来说不是问题。
The solution for over-critical grown-ups? According to Dr Merali, pretend you're talking to a good friend instead of to yourself, just like toddlers do!
对于过度批评的成年人的解决方案是什么？根据Merali博士的说法，假装您正在与好朋友交谈，而不是自言自语，就像幼儿一样！
It seems us adults can learn something from young children, after all – being kind to ourselves.
看来我们成年人毕竟可以从幼儿身上学到一些东西——善待自己。
When they're not having tantrums, toddlers really are wonderful little creatures, which reminds me of your question, Neil. Right, I asked you which statement about toddlers was true.
幼儿不发脾气时真的是奇妙的小动物，这让我想起了你的问题，尼尔。对，我问你关于幼儿的哪句话是正确的。
And I said it was that toddlers can grow up to three centimetres while they sleep. Was I right?
我说的是，幼儿在睡觉时可以长高3厘米。对吗？
I think you know that you're not right, Beth! That was the wrong answer, I'm afraid. It's true that toddlers do grow when sleeping, but not as much as three centimetres.
贝丝，我想你知道自己说错了！恐怕那是错误的答案。幼儿在睡觉时确实会长大，但不会长高3厘米。
In fact, the correct answer was that being a toddler is the most active period of your whole life – which isn't hard to believe if you live with one!
事实上，正确的答案是，幼儿时期是你一生中最活跃的时期——如果你身边有幼儿，这并不难相信！
OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned in this programme about toddlers, young children who are 'toddling' or learning to walk.
好的，让我们回顾一下我们在本期节目中学到的有关幼儿的词汇，toddlers是指“蹒跚学步”的幼儿。
A tantrum is a noisy, uncontrolled outburst of anger, usually from a young child. If you say something out loud, you say it in a way that other people can hear.
tantrum是一种吵闹、不受控制的愤怒爆发，通常来自年幼的孩子。如果你say something out loud，你会以一种别人能听到的方式说出来。
Self-talk refers to the messages that you tell yourself, and the way in which you tell them. It's your inner voice.
Self-talk指的是你告诉自己的信息，以及你告诉它们的方式。这是你内心的声音。
The phrase to be down on yourself means to feel disappointed and self-critical about yourself.
短语“to be down on yourself”的意思是对自己感到失望和自我批评。
And finally, a negative cycle is a pattern of repeating the same negative thoughts over and over again, something a toddler would never do!
最后，negative cycle是一种重复同样消极想法的模式，这是幼儿永远不会做的事情！
Once again our six minutes are up, but remember to join us again next time for more trending topics and useful vocabulary, here at 6 Minute English. Goodbye for now! Bye!
六分钟时间又到了，但请记住下次再加入我们，了解更多热门话题和有用的词汇，就在6分钟英语。暂时再见了！再见！
