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But it was Barcelona, in 1992, that cemented the notion that the Olympics can accelerate wholesale urban renewal.
但正是1992年的巴塞罗那奥运会巩固了这样一种观念，即奥运会可以加速城市的全面更新。
“Legacy” became a concept promoted by Olympic officials and like-minded civic leaders anxious to sway an increasingly skeptical public about the benefits of hosting the Games.
“遗产”成为了由奥林匹克官员和有类似思想的公民领袖所推崇的概念，他们急于说服那些越来越持怀疑态度的公众，想让人们相信举办奥运会的好处。
By the 1970s, fewer and fewer cities were putting up their hands to serve as hosts.
到了20世纪70年代，越来越少的城市愿意主动申请举办奥运会。
Coloradans stunned the International Olympic Committee when they decided to back out of the 1976 Winter Games in Denver at more or less the 11th hour, fearing runaway costs.
美国科罗拉多州居民震惊了国际奥委会，因为他们在差不多最后一刻决定退出1976年丹佛冬奥会，原因是担心成本失控。
After the 1992 Games, Olympic advocates increasingly leaned into the urban-legacy argument, trumpeting the Barcelona Effect.
1992年奥运会后，奥运会倡导者越来越倾向于城市遗产论，大肆宣扬巴塞罗那效应。
A declining city during the middle decades of the last century, Barcelona emerged like Cinderella at the ’92 Olympics, unrecognizable and ravishing.
在上个世纪中叶，巴塞罗那还是一座衰落的城市，然而它却像灰姑娘一样出现在1992年奥运会上，全然不见往日颓貌，令人心醉神迷。
Its industrial murk had been cleared away.
笼罩其上的工业阴霾已经消散。
It sported sparkling new beaches, an expanded transportation and telecommunications network, modern museums, art-filled public squares and a fashionable, open city center linked to the sea.
它炫耀着崭新的海滩、扩建的交通和电信网络、现代博物馆、充满艺术气息的公共广场，以及一个时尚、开放的、与大海相连的市中心。
In truth, Barcelona’s makeover started years before the city bid on the Games.
事实上，巴塞罗那的改造在该市申办奥运会的几年前就开始了。
During the late ’70s, after the death of Spain’s dictator, Gen. Francisco Franco, civic leaders devised an urban-renewal scheme for a newly democratic, independent-minded capital of Catalonia.
70年代后期，在西班牙独裁者弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥将军去世后，市民领袖为刚刚获得民主、思想独立的加泰罗尼亚首府设计了一个城市更新计划。（注：巴塞罗那位于加泰罗尼亚地区。）
With a potential Olympic bid in mind, they began during the ’80s to remake Barcelona’s railway system, airport and seafront.
考虑到可能申办奥运会，他们在80年代开始重新建设巴塞罗那的铁路系统、机场和海滨地区。
These and other changes, accelerated by the deadline for the Games, turned the city into a wealthy European gem and tourist mecca.
这些以及其他变化由于奥运会的最后期限而加速进展，从而将这座城市变成了一颗富裕的欧洲宝石和旅游胜地。
But at a cost.
但也要付出代价。
Low-income housing gave way to luxury hotels and high-end development.
提供给低收入人民的住房让位于豪华酒店和高端开发。
It’s no coincidence that American-style suburbs began proliferating on the edges of Barcelona during the years following the Olympics, catering to families seeking more affordable homes and fleeing the mobs and mosh pits along the Ramblas and the seafront.
在奥运会举办后的几年里，美式郊区开始在巴塞罗那城郊蔓延，迎合了一些家庭的需要，这些家庭寻求更经济实惠的住房、逃离了兰布拉大道和海滨地区的暴徒和混乱，这个现象并非巧合。
Thousands of Barcelonians, fed up with a housing shortage, the rising cost of living and overcrowding, took to the streets this month, squirting tourists with water pistols and toting signs telling visitors: “You are not welcome.”
数千名巴塞罗那居民受够了住房短缺、生活成本上升和过度拥挤，在今年7月走上街头，用水枪喷射游客，并举着牌子告诉游客：“我们不欢迎你们。”
Cities like Barcelona, Tokyo, Paris and Rio, the kinds of cities that vie to host the Summer Olympics, are all facing similar plagues today — aging infrastructure, an educated, gentrifying work force driving up home prices and the cost of everything else and widening social and class divisions — in short, the signposts of globalization.
像巴塞罗那、东京、巴黎和里约热内卢这样竞相举办夏季奥运会的城市，如今都面临着类似的问题——基础设施老化、受过教育的中产阶级劳动力推高了房价和其他一切成本，以及社会和阶级分化加剧——简而言之，这些都是全球化的标志。
