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Hello, this is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Georgie. And I'm Neil.
大家好，这是BBC六分钟英语。我是乔治，我是尼尔。
In this programme we're talking about the immune system, which is the body's natural defence against getting ill. Now, Georgie, is there anything you do to boost your immune system?
在本期节目中，我们将讨论免疫系统，这是人体抵御疾病的天然防御系统。乔治，你有什么办法可以增强免疫系统吗？
Yes. I try to eat lots of oranges, which apparently have lots of vitamin C, and there are lots of things people do to try to improve their immune system,
我尽量多吃橙子，橙子显然含有大量维生素C，人们也做了很多事情来改善免疫系统，
and stay healthier, like eating certain foods, taking vitamins, or even activities like swimming in cold water.
保持健康，比如吃某些食物、服用维生素，甚至在冷水中游泳。
We'll find out how useful some of these techniques are in today's programme.
在今天的节目中，我们将了解其中一些技巧有多大用处。
But first, Georgie, a question. We all know the common cold – now, that's the illness that makes you cough and sneeze, have a sore throat and headache.
但首先，乔治，我问一个问题。我们都知道普通感冒——这种疾病会让你咳嗽、打喷嚏、喉咙痛和头痛。
But how many colds does the average adult get in the UK each year? Is it: a) 2-3? b) 4-5? Or c) 7-8? Eight would be a lot. I'm going to go with a) 2-3 colds a year.
但英国成年人每年平均感冒几次？是：a)2-3次？b)4-5次？还是c)7-8次？八次已经很多了。我选择a)每年感冒2-3次。
Well, we'll find out at the end of the programme if you're right. Now, many people can become ill over the winter with diseases like colds, flu and Covid-19.
节目结束时我们会揭晓正确答案。现在，许多人在冬天会患上感冒、流感和新冠等疾病。
Host of BBC Radio 4 programme Inside Health, James Gallagher, gathered some experts to talk about immune systems,
BBC Radio 4节目《健康内幕》主持人詹姆斯·加拉格尔(James Gallagher)召集了一些专家讨论免疫系统，
and he started off by asking whether they'd had more illnesses than usual this winter.
他首先询问他们今年冬天是否比往常患了更多的疾病。
Hello! [Hi.] Right, how has everyone been this winter? Because I've had a rotten one and I have felt constantly ill since about November. John?
你好！[嗨。]对了，大家这个冬天过得怎么样？因为我的冬天很糟糕，从11月左右开始就一直感到不舒服。约翰？
I have not had anything yet, touch wood. OK, let's see what I can infect you with by the end of the show. Margaret?
我还没有得过什么病，但愿老走好运。让我们看看节目结束时我能感染你什么。玛格丽特？
I was pretty unwell in September. I had what I presume to be Covid. But I've been alright since, mild snuffles aside.
我9月份身体很不舒服。我估计是得了新冠。但从那以后我就没事了，除了轻微的鼻塞。
Eleanor, I really need someone to back me up. No, sorry, I've been absolutely 100% tickety-boo.
埃莉诺，我真的需要有人支持我。不，对不起，我一直100%支持。
Unlike James, Professor John Tregoning hasn't been ill. John uses the expression touch wood, which is an informal phrase said in order to avoid bad luck.
与詹姆斯不同，约翰·特雷戈宁教授没有生病。约翰使用了“Touch Wood”这个表达，这是一个非正式的短语，用来避免厄运。
Doctor Margaret McCartney was unwell in September but has only had a few snuffles since.
玛格丽特·麦卡特尼医生9月份身体不适，但此后只打过几次鼻塞。
Snuffles is an informal word used to describe minor illnesses that affect your nose. We can also say sniffles.
Snuffles是一个非正式的词，用来描述影响鼻子的小病。我们也可以说sniffles。
Host James is surprised that nobody has been ill, and says to Professor Eleanor Riley 'back me up'.
主持人詹姆斯很惊讶没有人生病，并对埃莉诺·莱利教授说“back me up”。
If you ask someone to back you up, you are asking for them to say something which supports your opinion.
如果你要求某人back you up，你就是在要求他们说一些支持你的话。
But Eleanor has had a healthy winter too. She's been tickety-boo, which is an informal phrase meaning everything's fine or in good order.
但埃莉诺也度过了一个健康的冬天。She's been tickety-boo，这是一个非正式的短语，意思是一切都很好或井然有序。
Throughout the winter, many people try different techniques, like taking supplements or eating certain foods to boost their immune system, to improve their body's natural defences against disease.
整个冬季，许多人都会尝试不同的方法，比如服用补充剂或吃某些食物来增强免疫系统，提高身体对疾病的天然防御能力。
Host of BBC Radio 4's Inside Health James Gallagher asks doctor Margaret McCartney whether some of these products are successful.
BBC Radio 4的《健康内幕》主持人詹姆斯·加拉格尔向医生玛格丽特·麦卡特尼询问这些产品是否有效。
OK quick-fire round Margaret. Echinacea? No. Turmeric? No. Ginger shots? No.
好的，玛格丽特，快问快答。紫锥菊？不行。姜黄？不行。生姜饮料？不行。
This is a very, very good quiz! What about the stuff you squirt up your nose when you're at the beginning of an infection?
这是一个非常好的测验！感染初期喷入鼻子的东西怎么样？
Interesting, but not any better than normal saline spray – just salt water.
很有趣，但并不比普通的盐水喷雾更好——只是盐水。
In fact, according to Margaret, there isn't enough evidence that many popular health products can actually change the way your immune system works.
事实上，根据玛格丽特的说法，没有足够的证据表明许多流行的健康产品实际上可以改变免疫系统的工作方式。
Another popular health trend in the UK is cold water swimming. People who swim in cold water say it's good for their mental health, and they also believe it makes them less likely to get ill during the winter months.
英国另一个流行的健康趋势是冷水游泳。在冷水中游泳的人说这对他们的心理健康有好处，他们还认为这会降低他们在冬季生病的可能性。
But scientists aren't sure about the benefits of cold water swimming for the immune system yet, as Professor John Tregoning explains to BBC Radio 4's Inside Health.
但科学家还不确定冷水游泳对免疫系统的益处，正如约翰·特雷戈宁教授向BBC Radio 4的《健康内幕》节目解释的那样。
The social element actually is really important. It probably is beneficial to do.
社交因素实际上非常重要。这样做可能是有益的。
You reduce stress and cortisol dampens the immune system, so actually if you're stressed then maybe you are more prone to infection.
你可以减轻压力，而皮质醇会抑制免疫系统，所以实际上如果你有压力，那么你可能更容易感染。
And that may be why that benefit of being with people, nice people that you like in nice places, is helping.
这也许就是为什么和你喜欢的人在一起的好处，在好的地方和好人在一起，会有所帮助。
But I don't think it's unique to cold water swimming. I think you could probably get it from dancing or singing or going for a run.
但我不认为这只限于冷水游泳。我认为你可能从跳舞、唱歌或跑步中得到它。
John says that cortisol, a chemical associated with stress, dampens the immune system. Here, dampens means makes weaker.
约翰说，皮质醇是一种与压力有关的化学物质，它会抑制免疫系统。这里的“dampens”意味着使人变弱。
We also have a common expression 'dampen someone's spirits' which means to make them less enthusiastic about something.
我们还有一个常见的表达“dampen someone's spirits”，意思是让他们对某事不那么热情。
John says that there is evidence that people who are stressed are more prone to infection. If you're more prone to something, it's more likely to happen to you.
约翰说，有证据表明，有压力的人更容易感染。如果你more prone to something，那么这种疾病就更有可能发生在你身上。
It could be that cold water swimming reduces stress, and so it helps people's immune systems work well.
冷水游泳可能可以减轻压力，从而帮助人们的免疫系统正常运作。
But there are lots of other activities that could have the same effect, and help people have fewer colds over winter.
但还有很多其他活动可以产生同样的效果，帮助人们在冬天减少感冒。
Which reminds me of my question, Georgie. I asked how many colds the average UK adult has a year. And I said 2-3. And that is the correct answer, so well done!
这让我想起了我的问题，乔治。我问英国成年人平均一年感冒几次。我说2-3次。这是正确答案，干得好！
Thank you! OK, let's recap the vocabulary we've learned, starting with touch wood, which is an expression used, often in speech, to avoid bad luck.
谢谢！好的，让我们回顾一下我们学过的词汇，从touch wood开始，这是在口语中经常用来表示避免厄运的表达方式。
Snuffles, or sniffles, are minor illnesses that affect your nose. If you ask someone to back you up, you want them to say something to support your opinion.
Snuffles或sniffles是影响鼻子的小病。如果你要求某人back you up，你希望他们说些什么来支持你的观点。
The expression tickety-boo means fine and in good order. If you dampen something you make it weaker.
tickety-boo的意思是一切顺利。如果你dampen某物，你就会让它变弱。
And the expression dampen someone's spirits means you make them less enthusiastic about something.
表达dampen someone's spirits意味着你让他们对某事不那么热情。
And if you're more prone to something, it's more likely to happen to you.
如果你more prone to something，那么它更有可能发生在你身上。
