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Doctors have successfully attached a kidney from a genetically engineered pig to a human body.
医生已经成功地将转基因猪的肾脏移植到人体内。
The organ worked normally giving hope that it could be a major step forward to solve the shortage of human organs for transplant.
移植后的猪肾脏能够正常工作，这有望成为解决人体器官移植中的器官短缺问题的重要一步。
The operation was done at New York University's Langone Health in New York City.
手术是在纽约市的纽约大学朗格尼医学中心进行的。
The pig's genes were changed so that it no longer contained a molecule known to cause almost immediate rejection by the human body.
这头猪的基因被改变了，因此它不再含有一种已知的会引起人体立即出现排异反应的分子。
The patient was brain-dead and had signs of kidney problems.
接受肾脏移植的是一名脑死亡患者，有肾衰竭迹象。
Her family agreed to the experiment before she was scheduled to be taken off of life support.
她的家人在她即将被取消生命支持系统之前同意了这项试验。
For over two days, the kidney was attached to her blood vessels.
在两天多的时间里，移植的肾脏连接在她的血管上。
It was kept outside her body so researchers could observe it.
它被放置在患者体外，以便研究人员可以观测术后情况。
The kidney did what it was supposed to do--filter waste and produce urine.
移植的肾脏做了它应该做的事情——过滤废物和产生尿液。
And the body did not reject it.
而且接受者的身体并没有排斥它。
"It had absolutely normal function," said Dr. Robert Montgomery, who led the operation last month at NYU Langone Health.
上个月在纽约大学朗格尼医学中心主持手术的罗伯特·蒙哥马利博士说：“移植肾脏的功能完全正常。”
He told The Associated Press, "It didn't have this immediate rejection that we have worried about."
他告诉美联社，“它并没有像我们担心的那样立即产生排异反应。”
This research is "a significant step," said Dr. Andrew Adams of the University of Minnesota Medical School who was not part of the team.
明尼苏达大学医学院的安德鲁·亚当斯博士说，这项研究是“重要的一步”。他不是该团队的成员。
The dream of animal-to-human transplants goes back to the 17th century when scientists tried unsuccessfully to use animal blood for transfusions.
把动物器官移植到人类体内的梦想可以追溯到17世纪，当时科学家试图给人输动物的血液，但没有成功。
By the 20th century, doctors were attempting transplants of organs from baboons into humans.
到了20世纪，医生们开始尝试将狒狒的器官移植到人类身上。
Baby Fae, a dying infant, lived 21 days with a baboon heart in 1984.
1984年，一个奄奄一息的婴儿菲伊用狒狒的心脏活了21天。
Scientists have since turned from baboons to pigs.
从那以后，科学家们就把试验对象从狒狒转向了猪。
Pigs are produced for food, so using them for organs raises fewer ethical concerns.
猪是用来做食物的，所以用它们的器官来做试验不会引起太多的伦理问题。
Pig heart valves have been used successfully for many years in humans.
猪的心脏瓣膜已被成功用于人类治疗很多年了。
Skin grafts have been used to help burn victims.
猪皮移植已经被用来帮助烧伤患者了。
And Chinese scientists have used pig corneas to restore eyesight.
中国科学家已经使用猪眼角膜成功帮助患者恢复视力了。
But researchers have struggled with how to prevent immediate rejection of pig organs by the human body.
但研究人员一直在努力研究如何防止人体对猪的器官立即产生排异反应。
Montgomery's team had the idea that removing a pig gene that produces a sugar molecule called alpha-gal would solve the problem.
蒙哥马利的团队认为，去除一种能产生一种叫做α-gal的糖分子的猪基因就能解决这个问题。
The genetically changed pig is called GalSafe.
这种转基因猪被称为GalSafe猪。
It is developed by Revivicor of the United Therapeutics Corporation.
它是由联合治疗公司的子公司Revivicor开发的。
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the process in December 2020 for possible use in medicine as well as food.
美国食品药品监督管理局于2020年12月批准了这一技术产品，可能会将其用于药学和食品。
Some scientists are researching whether GalSafe pigs can be used for heart and skin needs.
一些科学家正在研究GalSafe猪是否可以成为心脏和皮肤的供体来源。
Organs developed from the pigs, however, would still require specific FDA approval before being used in humans, the agency said.
然而，该机构表示，从猪身上培育的器官在用于人体之前仍需获得美国食品药品监督管理局的特定批准。
Montgomery said the successful NYU kidney transplant experiment should lead to trials in patients with serious kidney problems.
蒙哥马利说，纽约大学肾脏移植试验的成功应该会对有关患有严重肾脏问题的患者的试验有引导作用。
The pig kidney could be used as a temporary solution until a human kidney becomes available.
猪肾可以用作人体的临时肾脏，直到找到合适的人的肾脏。
Or it could be tested as a permanent fix.
或者可以将其作为永久性的肾脏进行测试。
The current experiment was only in place for a short time.
目前的试验只进行了很短的一段时间。
Montgomery added that any future trials could likely bring new problems that will need to be solved.
蒙哥马利还说，未来的任何试验都可能会产生新的需要解决的问题。
The United Network for Organ Sharing says nearly 107,000 people are currently waiting for organ transplants in the U.S. More than 90,000 are waiting for a kidney.
器官共享联合网络表示，美国目前有近10.7万人在等待器官移植，超过9万人在等待肾脏移植。
It can take three to five years for patients to find a kidney transplant.
患者可能需要三到五年的时间才能找到合适的肾脏。
Karen Maschke is a researcher at the Hastings Center.
凯伦·马施克是黑斯廷斯中心的研究员。
She helps develop ethics and policy guidance for the trials with support from the National Institutes of Health.
在美国国立卫生研究院的支持下，她帮助制定了这类试验的伦理和政策指南。
She said raising pigs to be organ donors feels wrong to some people.
她说，有些人觉得为了器官而养猪是不对的。
But it may grow more acceptable with consideration for their well-being.
但考虑到他们的健康，人们会更容易接受这种试验的。
"The other issue is going to be: Should we be doing this just because we can?" Maschke said.
马施克说：“另一个问题是：我们应该仅仅因为我们有能力就这么做吗？”
I'm Dan Novak.
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