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Teachers and students alike have experienced the curious paradox that
老师们和学生们都经历过同样的奇特悖论：
beginners, as a rule, tend to think too little about what they are doing because they think too much about what they are doing.
初学者往往在自己正做的事情上思考得太少，因为他们对自己所做的行动考虑得太多。
Take for example people who are learning to play basketball or the piano.
以正在学习打篮球或弹钢琴的人为例。
They have to give so much thought and attention to the low-level mechanics of handling the ball or fingering the keys or reading the music,
他们对处理球、指法或阅读音乐的低级技巧给予过多的思考和关注，
that they are unable to give any thought to the thing that matters – the game, or the music, respectively.
以致于他们无法对重要的事物进行任何思考：篮球运动或音乐。
With experts, it’s just the other way around. They are open to the tactical possibilities and the musical challenges
从专业人士方面来说，情况恰恰相反。他们之所以对战术可能性和音乐挑战持开放态度，
precisely because they are freed, through skill, from the need to pay attention to the low-level details of how to play.
正是因为他们通过技巧摆脱了对演奏技术等低级细节关注的必要。
Indeed, when the expert pays attention to the mechanics, this is liable to disrupt performance.
确实，当专家关注原理时，这很容易影响表现。
This has led some to say that the expert operates in a zone ‘beyond thought’, in a state of flow.
这导致一些人说，专业人士在流畅状态下的“思考”区域之外行动。
But this is misleading. Expert performance is not beyond thought.
但这是有误导性的。专业的表现并未超越想法。
Smart basketball players or skilled musicians need to pay close attention to the demands of high performance, to the challenges to be overcome.
聪明的篮球运动员或熟练的音乐家需要密切关注良好表现的要求以及需要克服的挑战。
What they don’t need to do – what would be a distraction – is to have to think about where their fingers are, or how to control the ball while running.
他们不需要做的事情（可能会分散注意力的事情）是，考虑他们的手指在哪里，或者在跑步时如何控球。
It’s not mechanics, but the play itself, that absorbs the experts’ intelligence.
是行动本身、而不是原理在占据着专业人士的思想。
A nice video published online last month sheds light on expertise and the conscious mind.
上个月发布的一条不错的在线视频阐述了专业知识和意识。
The video reports a new study using an eye-tracking device.
视频报告了使用眼睛追踪设备进行的一项新研究。
It turns out that the less-skilled pianist spends more time looking at her fingers than does the expert who,
事实证明，与专业的钢琴师相比，熟练程度较低的人士花更多的时间盯着手指。
in contrast, is more likely to be looking at the sheet music, or looking ahead at keys he’s not yet playing.
相反，专业钢琴师更倾向看乐谱，或者提前看他尚未弹碰的琴键。
In general, the expert’s gaze was calmer and more stable.
总的来说，专业人士的目光更加平和和稳定。
This is not a surprising finding. It supports what we might almost think of as conventional wisdom.
这个发现不足为奇。它为我们几乎可以认为是传统智慧的东西提供了支持。
But it’s remarkable for all that, nonetheless.
但尽管如此，这还是非常了不起的。
The eye tracker gives expert and learning performers a glimpse into what they do without thinking about it.
眼睛追踪设备揭示了专业级和学习型演奏者在做哪些事情时不必思考。
The topic of the nature of skill – and the differences between beginners and experts – has been one of considerable discussion in cognitive science and philosophy.
技能的本质以及初学者和专业人士之间的差异这一话题一直是认知科学和哲学领域的有大量讨论的话题之一。
16.What does the speaker say about beginners and expert pianists?
16.叙述者在初学者和专业钢琴师方面怎么说？
17. What do smart basketball players do according to the speaker?
17.按照叙述者的说法，聪明的篮球运动员怎么做？
18. What do we learn about the new study published in an online video?
18.我们对在线视频中发布的这项新研究有何了解？
