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Recording 2
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In last week's lecture, we discussed the characteristics of the newly born offspring of several mammals.
在上周的讲座中，我们讨论了几种哺乳动物新生后代的特征。
You probably remember that human infants are less developed physically than other mammals of the same age.
大家可能还记得，与其他的同龄哺乳动物相比，人类婴儿的身体发育较差。
But in today's lecture, we'll look at three very interesting studies that hint at surprising abilities of human babies.
不过在今天的讲座中，我们将看到三个非常有趣的研究，暗示了人类婴儿惊人的能力。
In the first study, three-year-olds watch two videos shown side by side.
在第一项研究中，三岁的孩子并排观看两段视频。
Each featuring a different researcher, one of whom they'd met once two years earlier.
每一个视频里都有一个不同的研究人员，其中的一个他们在两年前曾经见过一次。
The children spend longer watching the video showing the researcher they hadn't met.
而孩子们会花更长的时间来看播放着他们没有见过的那名研究人员的视频。
This is consistent with young children's usual tendency to look longer at things that aren't familiar. And really this is amazing.
这与小孩儿通常更倾向于花更长的时间看不熟悉的东西是一致的。真的很神奇。
It suggests the children remember the researcher they've met just one time when they were only one-year-olds.
这表明那些孩子们记得他们在一岁时只见过一次的研究人员。
Of course, as most of us forget memories from our first few years as we grow older, this early long-turn memories will likely be lost in subsequent years.
当然，随着年龄的增长，大多数人会忘记最初几年的记忆，那些早年的长期记忆很可能会在接下来的几年里消失。
Our second study is about music, for this study researchers play music to babies through speakers located on either side of a human face.
我们的第二个研究是关于音乐的，在这项研究中，研究人员通过放置于人脸两侧的扬声器来给婴儿播放音乐。
They waited until the babies got bored and averted their gaze from the face.
他们一直等到宝宝变得厌烦并把目光从(播放音乐的)脸上移开，
And then they change the mood in the music either from sad to happy or the other way around.
之后他们开始改变音乐的情绪，从悲伤到快乐或者从快乐到悲伤。
This mood switch made no difference to the three-month-olds;
这种情绪转变对三个月大的婴儿没有影响，
but for the nine-month-olds, it was enough to renew their interest and they started looking again in the direction of the face.
但对于9个月大的婴儿来说足以重新激起他们的兴趣，他们开始重新看向脸的方向。
This suggests that babies of that age can tell the difference between a happy melody and a sad tune.
这表明那个年龄的婴儿能够区分快乐的音乐和悲伤的音乐。
Our final study is from 1980, but it's still relevant today.
最后一项研究来自1980年，不过至今仍有意义。
In fact, it's one of the most famous pieces of research about infant emotion ever published.
事实上，这是迄今为止发表过的关于婴儿情感最著名的研究之一。
The study involved ordinary adults watching video clips of babies nine months or younger.
这项研究的内容是让普通成年人观看九个月或者更小的婴儿的视频片段。
In the video clips, the babies made various facial expressions in response to real life events including playful interactions and painful ones.
在视频片段中，婴儿们对现实生活中的事件做出各种各样的面部表情，而那些事件包括有趣的互动和不愉快的互动。
The adult observers were able to reliably discern an assortment of emotions on the babies faces.
成年观察者能够准确辨别出婴儿脸上的各种情绪。
These emotions included interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, and fear.
这些情绪包括：感兴趣、喜悦、惊讶、悲伤、愤怒、厌恶、蔑视和恐惧。
Next week, we'll be looking at this last study more closely.
下周，我们将深入探讨最后一项研究。
In fact, we will be viewing some of the video clips from that study. And together, see how well we do in discerning the babies' emotions.
实际上，我们会观看一些来自那个研究里的视频片段。之后，看看我们在辨别婴儿情绪方面能够做到多好。
19. What are the three interesting studies about?
19. 这三个有趣的研究是关于什么的？
20. What does the second study find about nine-month-old babies?
20. 第二个研究发现了关于九个月大婴儿的什么？
21. What is the 1980 study about?
21. 1980年的研究是关于什么的？
