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1.Scorching
1.very hot 酷热的
a scorching hot day 大热天
2.used to emphasize how strong, powerful, etc. something is 猛烈的；激烈的；有力的
a scorching critique of the government's economic policy 对政府经济政策的严厉批评
a scorching 6–1 victory 以 6:1 狂胜
2.Refrain: to stop yourself from doing something, especially something that you want to do 克制;节制;避免 V ~ (from sth/from doing sth)
Please refrain from smoking. 请勿吸烟。
They appealed to the protesters to refrain from violence. 他们呼吁抗议者们不要采取暴力行动。
He has refrained from criticizing the government in public. 他克制住了自己，没有在公开场合批评政府。
3.Substitute: a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you normally use or have 代替者;代替物;代用品 ~ (for sb/sth)
a meat/milk substitute 代肉╱代乳品
Paul's father only saw him as a substitute for his dead brother. 保罗的父亲只是把他当作他死去的哥哥来看待。
a substitute family 收养家庭
The course teaches you the theory but there's no substitute for practical experience. 这门课教的是理论，但没有任何东西能代替实践经验。
The local bus service was a poor substitute for their car. 他们坐当地的公交车，这比坐自己的汽车可差远了。
4.Room: the possibility of something existing or happening; the opportunity to do something 可能性;机会 ~ for sth
He had to be certain. There could be no room for doubt. 他必须确定无误。不能有任何的犹疑。
There's some room for improvement in your work(= it is not as good as it could be). 你的工作还有改进的余地。
It is important to give children room to think for themselves. 给孩子们机会让他们自己思考是很重要的。
