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化学武器的危害性有多大
Evidence has emerged that the Islamic State has been using weaponized mustard gas in Syria and Iraq. Chemical weapons warfare has long been outlawed, and yet they’ve been used
on numerous occasions throughout the 20th century. So, just how dangerous are chemical weapons?
有证据表明，伊斯兰国在叙利亚和伊拉克使用了芥子气武器。化学武器战很久以前已经被宣布为非法，然而20世纪诸多场合仍然有化学武器使用。那么，化学武器有多么危险呢？
Well, chemical weapons are considered “Weapons of Mass Destruction,” alongside nuclear and biological weaponry. There have been numerous international bans on their use, stemming from 1899, when the Hague Convention prohibited using “poisonous arms” or “asphyxiating gases.” In 1925 the Geneva Protocol further enacted a ban on both chemical and biological agents, saying that they are “justly condemned by the general opinion of the civilized world".
化学武器与核武器和生化武器一起被认为是“大规模杀伤性武器”。1899年，海牙会议禁止使用“有毒武器”或“窒息性气体”，从那以后，国际社会对这些武器的使用颁布了多条禁令。1925年，日内瓦议定书进一步对化学武器和生化武器颁布了禁令，称这些武器受到文明世界的一致谴责。
The most comprehensive international ban was the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention, which also prohibited production or stockpiling.
最全面的国际禁令是1993年的《化学武器公约》，同时禁止生产或存储化学武器。
But despite these restrictions, the first modern use of chemical weapons was during World War I. Lethal gases like phosgene caused severe irritation in the lungs, eyes, and
throat. Victims would often have difficulty breathing as their lungs would slowly fill with fluid, killing them as long as 48 hours after exposure. In particular, chlorine would
react with water in the lungs, creating hydrochloric acid, and causing severe pain and death. Non-lethal but still illegal chemicals were used as well, including tear and mustard gas. These would cause blistering of the skin and internal chemical burns. Throughout World War One,chemical weapons caused over 100,000 deaths,and affected more than a million people.
但是尽管这些禁令出炉，第一次世界大战期间仍然出现了首次现代化的化学武器应用。光气这样的致命气体会导致肺部，眼睛和喉咙严重刺激。吸入者会出现呼吸困难，因为他们的肺部会缓慢地充满液体，暴露在这种气体中48小时后就会死亡。尤其是，氯会和肺部的气体发生反应，生成盐酸，造成严重的疼痛甚至死亡。非致命但是非法的化学武器也有使用，包括催泪瓦斯和芥子气。这些气体会造成皮肤起泡和内脏烧伤。第一次世界大战期间，化学武器造成超过10万例死亡，影响了超过100万人。
During the Second World War, chemicals were only used by Japan the Japanese against other Asian countries. While the Nazis possessed gas weapons, but were afraid of a severe response if deployed. The Allies also refused to use deadly gas, although at one point Winston Churchill did propose dropping poison gas and anthrax over Germany.
第二次世界大战期间，只有日本针对其他亚洲国家使用了化学武器。尽管纳粹拥有化学武器，但是担心如果使用的话会引起强烈反应。盟军也反对使用致命气体，而丘吉尔曾经建议在德国释放毒气和炭疽病毒。
After the war, the Allies discovered Germany’s stockpile of nerve agents. These are chemicals which work by disrupting the nervous system,and lead to a loss of body control. They eventually cause death by suffocation. Increased research into chemical weapons led to both the US and the USSR developing and creating tens of thousands of tons to stockpile throughout the Cold War.
战后，盟军发现德国储备了神经毒剂。这些化学物质破坏神经系统，导致身体失去控制。最终导致窒息死亡。对化学武器进行的进一步研究发现，美国和苏联冷战期间都都研发和制造了数万吨化学武器。
But the most infamous use of chemical weapons was during the Iran-Iraq War. In the 1980s,Iraq received money and supplies from the United States and Germany to develop chemical weapons. But in 1988, both mustard gas and nerve agents were used against a Kurdish civilian village, leading to as many as 5,000 deaths and 10,000 injuries. The attack has since been called an act of genocide, and was the single largest chemical attack against civilians ever.
但是使用化学武器最臭名昭著的例子是伊朗和伊拉克战争期间。80年代，伊拉克从美国和德国收到了资金和补给，用来开发化学武器。但是1988年，他们对一个库尔德平民村庄使用了芥子气和神经毒剂，导致多达5000人死亡和1万人受伤。那次袭击被称为种族大屠杀，也是有史以来对平民发起的最大规模的单次化学武器袭击。
In the years since, the only use of chemical weapons has been by terrorist groups. Luckily,the most recent ban has led to a 90% decline in the world’s stockpile. Still, chemical weapons are especially dangerous due to their indiscriminate, long lasting, and painful effects. In the wrong hands, they are considerably more terrifying than most conventional weapons.
后来，只有恐怖组织使用化学武器。幸运的是，最新的禁令使得全世界化学武器储备减少了90%。然而，由于其无差别攻击性，持续性和严重影响，化学武器仍然非常危险。在非法之徒手中，化学武器比大部分常规武器更加恐怖。
But who is to blame for chemical weapons use in Syria and Iraq? Is it the U.S.? Find out more in the Seeker Daily episode up top.
但是叙利亚和伊拉克的化学武器攻击应该怪谁呢？是不是应该怪美国？登录我们的网站了解更多内容。
