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University of Chicago economist Gary S. Becker died on Saturday at age 83. He was a frequent contributor to these pages, including the excerpts below. A related editorial appears nearby:
上周六，芝加哥大学经济学家、1992年诺贝尔经济学奖得主加里•S•贝克尔(Gary S. Becker)逝世，享年83岁。贝克尔生前笔耕不辍，以下是他为《华尔街日报》撰写的部分文章节选。
'Prosperity Will Rise Out of the Ashes,' with Kevin M. Murphy, Oct. 29, 2001:
2001年10月29日发表的和凯文•M•墨菲(Kevin M. Murphy)共同撰写的《灰烬中升起的繁荣》(Prosperity Will Rise Out of the Ashes)：
In the 19th century, John Stuart Mill commented on the rapidity of economic recovery from national disasters and wars. He recognized that nations recover quickly as long as they retain their knowledge and skills, the prime engines of economic growth. America retains its vast supply of both, which suggests that, contrary to fears, the Sept. 11 attacks are unlikely to worsen the medium- to long-term economic outlook.
Bloomberg News加里•S•贝克尔在19世纪，约翰•斯图尔特•穆勒(John Stuart Mill)对国家经历灾害和战争后经济的快速复苏做了解析。他认识到，只要这些国家保留了知识和技能，经济就能快速复苏，知识和技能是推动经济增长的主要引擎。美国在这两方面做得很好，这意味着，美国在经历了9/11恐怖袭击后，其中长期经济前景不太可能会像一些人担心的那样恶化。
The effects of the earthquake that hit the Japanese city of Kobe in 1995 illustrate Mill's conclusion. This quake destroyed more than 100,000 buildings, badly damaged many others, and left hundreds of thousands homeless. Over 6,000 people died. Estimates place the total loss at about $114 billion (more than 2% of Japanese GDP at the time). Yet it took only a little over a year before GDP in the Kobe region returned to near pre-quake levels.
日本神户市1995年发生的地震带来的影响证明了穆勒得出的上述结论。那场地震摧毁了超过100,000栋建筑，其他许多建筑也严重受损，致使数十万人无家可归，6,000多人在地震中丧生。当时估计的损失总额约为1,114亿美元，占当时日本国内生产总值(GDP)的2%还多。然而神户地区的GDP仅用了一年多一点的时间就恢复至接近震前的水平。
'The Double Benefit of Tax Cuts,' with Edward P. Lazear and Kevin Mr. Murphy, Oct. 7, 2003:
2003年10月7日发表的和爱德华•P•拉齐尔(Edward P. Lazear)以及墨菲共同撰写的《减税的双重益处》(The Double Benefit of Tax Cuts)：
Our second point, that human as well as physical capital is key, derives from two pieces of evidence. Human capital--the skills embodied in individuals--accounts for about 70% of the total capital of the U.S., and a country's economic growth is closely tied to the human capital of its population. Countries that invest heavily in educating their citizens are also those that tend to experience high economic growth following such investments. For these reasons, it is important that tax policies encourage investment in human capital. Investment in human capital is responsive to take-home pay and therefore to tax rates, with the most direct effect coming from income tax.
相关阅读专栏：悼念加里•贝克尔：为中国人口改革建言我们的第二个观点是，人力资本和实物资本一样都非常重要，这个观点源自以下两个证据。人力资本、即每个人所体现出来的技能占美国总资本的比例约为70%，而一个国家的经济增长和这个国家人口的人力资本密切相关。那些在公民教育方面大量投入的国家在进行这些投资后往往也会实现较高的经济增速。正是因为这些原因，实施能够鼓励人力资本投资的税收政策非常重要。人力资本投资受到税后工资影响，因此也受到税率影响，其中最直接的影响来自所得税。
A highly progressive income tax structure tends to discourage investment in human capital because it reduces take-home pay and the reward to highly skilled, highly paid occupations.
高累进所得税结构往往会阻碍人力资本投资，因为这一税制会降低高技能、高薪职业人群的税后薪酬。
'Give Us Your Skilled Masses,' Nov. 30, 2005:
2005年11月30日发表的《美国应放开技术工人移民政策》(Give Us Your Skilled Masse)：
Other countries, too, should liberalize their policies toward the immigration of skilled workers. I particularly think of Japan and Germany, both countries that have rapidly aging, and soon to be declining, populations that are not sympathetic (especially Japan) to absorbing many immigrants. These are decisions they have to make. But America still has a major advantage in attracting skilled workers, because this is the preferred destination of the vast majority of them. So why not take advantage of their preference to come here, rather than force them to look elsewhere?
其他国家也应该放开针对技术工人的移民政策。我认为日本和德国尤其应该如此。这两国的人口都在迅速老龄化，而且很快将会出现人口下降，但两国民众（尤其是日本）都不赞同吸收大量移民。放开针对技术工人的移民政策是日本和德国不得不做出的决定。但美国在吸引技术工人方面仍具有很大的优势，因为美国仍然是绝大多数移民的首选目的地。因此，我们应该利用他们对移民到美国的偏爱，而不是逼着他们寻求移民到别的国家和地区。
'The Great Recession and Government Failure,' Sept. 2, 2011:
2011年9月2日发表的《大萧条和政府失灵》(The Great Recession and Government Failure)：
The origins of the financial crisis and the Great Recession are widely attributed to 'market failure.' This refers primarily to the bad loans and excessive risks taken on by banks in the quest to expand their profits. The 'Chicago School of Economics' came under sustained attacks from the media and the academy for its analysis of the efficacy of competitive markets. Capitalism itself as a way to organize an economy was widely criticized and said to be in need of radical alteration.
人们普遍将金融危机和大萧条的起源归因于“市场失灵”。“市场失灵”主要指不良贷款以及银行业为寻求增加利润所冒的过度风险。芝加哥经济学派(Chicago School of Economics)对市场竞争功效的分析不断受到媒体和学术界的攻击。作为一种经济组织形式的资本主义广受诟病，并被呼吁需要彻底改变。
Although many banks did perform poorly, government behavior also contributed to and prolonged the crisis. The Federal Reserve kept interest rates artificially low in the years leading up to the crisis. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, two quasi-government institutions, used strong backing from influential members of Congress to encourage irresponsible mortgages that required little down payment, as well as low interest rates for households with poor credit and low and erratic incomes. Regulators who could have reined in banks instead became cheerleaders for the banks.
虽然许多银行的表现的确很糟糕，但政府的行为也是导致危机爆发且持续较长时间的原因。在危机爆发前的几年里，美国联邦储备委员会一直人为将利率维持在较低水平。联邦国民抵押贷款协会(Fannie Mae, 房利美)和联邦住房贷款抵押公司(Freddie Mac, 房地美)这两个准政府机构利用国会成员的有力支持鼓励不负责任的抵押贷款行为，当时人们所需缴纳的首付款非常低；信用记录不良以及收入较低且来源不稳的家庭也享有低贷款利率政策。那些原本应该控制银行行为的监管机构反而鼓励银行这么做。
This recession might well have been a deep one even with good government policies, but 'government failure' added greatly to its length and severity, including its continuation to the present. In the U.S., these government actions include an almost $1 trillion in federal spending that was supposed to stimulate the economy. Leading government economists, backed up by essentially no evidence, argued that this spending would stimulate the economy by enough to reduce unemployment rates to under 8%.
就算政府实施了恰当的政策，这场经济衰退的影响也可能是较为深远的，但“政府失灵”延长了危机的持续时间、加深了危机的严重程度，包括危机的影响一直持续到现在这一后果。在美国，这些政府行为包括将近一万亿美元应用于刺激经济增长的联邦支出。政府的顶尖经济学家声称这些支出能够刺激经济增长，足以让失业率降至8%之下，但这些经济学家的观点根本没有任何证据作支持。
Such predictions have been so far off the mark as to be embarrassing.
这样的预测错得离谱，达到了让人难堪的程度。
' 'Basically an Optimist'--Still,' a Wall Street Journal Weekend Interview, March 27, 2010:
《华尔街日报周末版》(The Wall Street Journal Weekend) 2010年3月27日刊登的题为《根本上是一个乐观主义者》(Basically an Optimist)的专访：
'But when Milton [Friedman] was starting out,' [Becker] continues, 'people really believed a state-run economy was the most efficient way of promoting growth. Today nobody believes that, except maybe in North Korea. You go to China, India, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, even Western Europe. Most of the economists under 50 have a free-market orientation. Now, there are differences of emphasis and opinion among them. But they're oriented toward the markets. That's a very, very important intellectual victory. Will this victory have an effect on policy? Yes. It already has. And in years to come, I believe it will have an even greater impact.'
（贝克尔）继续说道：“然而在米尔顿•弗里德曼(Milton Friedman)还没出道时，人们真以为计划经济是最有效的促进增长的方式。如今没人这么想，也许朝鲜除外。你到中国、印度、巴西、阿根廷、墨西哥甚至西欧去看看，年龄在50岁以下的多数经济学家都拥护自由市场。现在这些经济学家中间有着不同的理论重心和观点，但他们都是支持以市场为中心的。这是一个非常、非常重要的知识上的胜利。这个胜利会给政策带来影响吗？会的，政策已经受到影响了。我认为未来几年这种影响会变得更大。”
The sky outside his window has begun to darken. Mr. Becker stands, places some papers into his briefcase, then puts on a tweed jacket and cap. 'When I think of my children and grandchildren,' he says, 'yes, they'll have to fight. Liberty can't be had on the cheap. But it's not a hopeless fight. It's not a hopeless fight by any means. I remain basically an optimist.'
窗外天色开始变暗，贝克尔这时站起身来，把一些文件装进公文包，然后穿上他的斜纹软呢外套，带上帽子。他说：“每当我想到自己的孩子和孙辈时，是的，他们都得努力斗争。自由不是轻易得来的，但这场斗争并非无望，无论如何都不会无望，从根本上来说我仍然是一个乐观主义者。”
