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Song Dynasty
宋朝
Arts, Culture and Economy
宋朝的艺术、文化与经济
The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials.
宋朝的创建者建立了一个有效的中央集权的官僚机构并聘用了文官为士大夫。
Regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials.
地方军事将领和他们的追随者被朝廷委派的官员所替代。
This system of civilian rule led to a greater concentration of power in the emperor and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous dynasties.
这种文官统治的体系让权力比前朝更多的集中于皇帝和他的官僚机构中。
The Song dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce.
宋朝以城市发展而闻名，这些城市不仅用于行政，还是商业、工业和海上贸易的中心。
The gentry-landed scholar-officials, sometimes collectively referred to as the gentry, lived in the provincial centers alongside the shopkeepers, artisans, and merchants.
拥有土地的那些士大夫，有时被并称为贵族，居住在附近有店主、工匠和商人的市中心。
A new group of wealthy commoners---- the mercantile class---- arose as printing and education spread, private trade grew, and a market economy began to link the coastal provinces and the interior.
一个新兴的富裕人群——商业阶层，随着绘画和教育的传播、私人贸易的发展以及与港口和内陆城市市场经济联系的出现，产生了。
Landholding and government employment were no longer the only means of gaining wealth and prestige.
拥有土地和在政府任职已经不再是唯一获得财富和声誉的途径了。
The development of paper money and a unified tax system meant the development of a true nationwide market system.
纸币和统一税收系统的发展意味着全国性的市场系统的进步。
Accompanying this was the beginnings of what one might term the Chinese industrial revolution.
伴随着市场发展的是人们所说的“中国的工业革命”。
For example the historian Robert Hartwell has estimated that per capita iron output rose sixfold between 806 and 1078 (AD), such that, by 1078 China was producing 125 000 tons of iron per year.
比如，史学家罗伯特?哈特韦尔曾估算平均到没人的铁产出量在公元806年到1078年间翻了六倍，到1078年时，中国每年的铁产量有125000吨。
This iron was used to mass produce ploughs, hammers, needles, pins, cymbals (etc.) for an indigenous mass market and for trade with the outside world, which also expanded greatly at this point.
这些铁被广泛用于制造犁、锤子、针、钉子和铙钹……来满足本土的大众市场以及在这段时期不断扩展的与其他国家贸易的需求。
Concurrently the Chinese invented or developed gunpowder, the cannon, the flamethrower, printing technology, amongst many other things.
同时，中国还发明并发展了火药、大炮、喷火器、绘图技术以及其他一些东西。
As a result of these innovations (and the concurrent agricultural revolution) China boasted some of the largest cities of the world at this time.
因为这些发明（还有同时期的农业革命），中国出现了一些这个时期世界上最大的城市。
For example it has been estimated that Hangzhou had 500 000 inhabitants at this point: far larger than any European city.
比如杭州在这个时期估计拥有500000居民，人数远超欧洲城市。
Culturally, the Song refined many of the developments of the previous centuries.
文化上，宋朝改进了前朝的许多发展。
Included in these refinements were not only the Tang Dynasty ideal of the universal man, who combined the qualities of scholar, poet, painter, and statesman, but also historical Chinese classic texts writings, Chinese painting, calligraphy, and hard-glazed porcelain.
其中不仅有唐朝世通才（一种集合了学者、诗人、画家和政治家品质的人才）概念的改善还有对于历史上中国传统经典书写、中国画、书法和硬釉面瓷器的改进。
Song intellectuals sought answers to all philosophical and political questions in the Confucian Classics.
宋朝的士人在儒家经典中寻找所有哲学和政治问题的答案。
This renewed interest in the Confucian ideals and society of ancient times coincided with the decline of Buddhism, which the Chinese regarded as foreign and offering few practical guidelines for the solution of political and other mundane problems.
这使人们重拾对于儒家想法和古时社会的兴趣，同时这个时代还伴随着佛教的衰败，因为人们认为佛教是舶来品，无法为政治和其他社会问题提供有效的指导。
The Song Neo-Confucian philosophers, finding a certain purity in the originality of the ancient classical texts, wrote commentaries on them.
宋朝的新儒家哲人在古老的经典著作中找到了某种程度上的纯粹，他们为这些经典书籍书写评论。
The most influential of these philosophers was Zhu Xi (1130—1200), whose synthesis of Confucian thought and Buddhist, Taoism, and other ideas became the official imperial ideology from late Song times to the late 19th century.
朱熹（1130——1200）是其中最具影响力的哲学家，他对于儒家观点和佛教、道教以及其他想法的集成在宋朝晚期到19世纪末期之间成为了官方的国家思想意识。
As incorporated into the Imperial examination system, Zhu Xi's philosophy evolved into a rigid official creed, which stressed the one-sided obligations of obedience and compliance of subject to ruler, child to father, wife to husband, and younger brother to elder brother.
由于被并入了科举考试体系中，朱熹的哲学思想变成了一种僵硬的官方教义，这加强了单方面人民对于统治者的服从、孩子对父亲的服从、妻子对丈夫的服从以及弟弟对于哥哥的服从。
The effect was to inhibit the societal development of premodern China, resulting both in many generations of political, social, and spiritual stability and in a slowness of cultural and institutional change up to the 19th century.
这种教义抑制了中国近现代社会的发展，导致了好几代人在政治、社会和精神上的固定不变以及一直持续到19世纪的文化和制度上的缓慢滞后。
Neo-Confucian doctrines also came to play the dominant role in the intellectual life of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.
新儒家教条在韩国、越南和日本的知识分子的生活中也处于支配地位。
