5.If We Are Conscious after Death, It Is Not Clear How Long This Consciousness Lasts
5.如果人死后有意识，意识能持续多久还是未知
Assuming that the brain truly can live on after the death of the body, the next question is, how long can the brain function after death? The answer to that question makes a huge difference in many areas that are currently considered to be pseudo-science.
很多人相信我们的意识或灵魂在死后仍然继续存在，有时以妖魔鬼怪的形式出现。
The belief in ghosts and spirits is one of the most common paranormal beliefs. The belief is spread around the world, regardless of education or religion. People from all walks of life claim not only claim to have seen or feel the presence of someone who is known to be dead but truly believe that this is the case. Of course, the belief of ghosts and spirits has been capitalized on by media and Hollywood. But, the legend of a dead person's spirit remaining among the living is an incredibly old one. If it was possible that consciousness, whatever it is, could continue even after the heart stops beating and the brain stops functioning, then the idea of ghosts is not as far-fetched as it once was.
假设大脑在人死后仍然可以运作，下一个问题就是，死后大脑究竟可以运作多久？不同领域对这一问题的解答相差甚远，目前都被认为是伪科学。对鬼魂的信仰是最普遍的超自然信仰之一。这种信仰遍布全球，不论教育程度和宗教信仰。各行各业的人们不仅声称曾看到或感觉逝者的存在，而且相信确有此事。当然，对鬼魂的信仰已经被媒体和好莱坞采用。但是，死者存在灵魂一说是难以置信的旧传闻。如果意识在心跳停止跳动、大脑停止运作时仍然存在，无论它是什么，鬼魂的观点都不会像以前那么牵强。
4.You Live On Through Your Genes
4.依靠基因继续生存
Thinking about life after death is not limited purely to consciousness. People's traits and personalities can live on long after they die through their genes. Genetic science, one of the harder sciences of the biological set and it is somewhat easier to experiment with than psychiatry or neuroscience because it does not require scientists to rely so much on people being truthful.
对死后生命的思考并不仅局限于意识。人类通过基因可以在死后保持他们的特点和个性。基因科学是生物科学最难的部分，但因为科学家不需要诚实的实验对象，相比精神病学和神经科学更容易进行实验。
Many people know that their physical traits and abilities are often passed on to their children through their genes. Hair color, eye color, height and weight are all things that are established partly through the heredity of genes. But it is not just physical features that live on through these genes. Some studies suggest that the trauma you experience can be passed on through your genes as well. Recent studies have suggested that Holocaust survivors' genetics were affected by the indescribable trauma they suffered during the Second World War. A new study was released by researchers at Mount Sinai hospital in New York. The study looked at the genetics of 32 Jewish men and women who had either experienced torture at a concentration camp or who had to go into hiding during WWII. If it is true, the process of passing on trauma through genes is called epigenetic inheritance. This is the idea that your lifestyle can go on to affect the genetic disposition of any children you have. It can even potentially be passed on to grandchildren. Epigenetic inheritance is very controversial within science but it has been studied in many areas. One study suggested that Dutch women who gave birth to girls during the famine that came at the end of WWII saw that these babies would grow up to have a higher than average risk of schizophrenia. Although the details have not yet been determined, the idea does not sound preposterous. Accounts that deal with the survivors of the Armenian death marches in 1915 would suggest that not only were the traumas encountered suffered by those who lived through it, but subsequent generations of the survivors families would find that they suffered some of the same fears as their parents and grandparents did while living through the genocide during World War I.
许多人知道他们的生理特征和能力往往会通过基因遗传给他们的孩子。头发颜色、眼睛颜色、身高和体重都通过基因，将一部分遗传给孩子。但不仅是生理特征的延续依靠这些基因。一些研究表明，你所经历的创伤也可以通过基因遗传。最近的研究表明，二战期间，难以形容的创伤会影响大屠杀幸存者的遗传构成。纽约西奈山医院的研究人员发表了一项新的研究。该研究调查了32个犹太男女的基因，其中有些人经历了集中营的酷刑，有些人在二战期间躲躲藏藏。如果基因确实可以传递创伤，那么这一遗传过程被称为表观遗传。也就是说，你的生活方式可能通过遗传影响你孩子的性格，甚至可以遗传给孙子。表观遗传在科学界内备受争议，但许多领域对此进行了研究。一项研究表明，荷兰女性在二战末期饥荒期间所生的女孩，长大后患有精神分裂的风险高于平均值。尽管细节尚未证明，但这个结论听起来并不荒唐。关于1915年亚美尼亚大屠杀的幸存者报告显示，不仅是幸存者们经历了创伤，而且他们随后的几代家庭也承受着与父母和祖父母在一战种族灭绝中所经历的相同的恐惧。
3.The Debate Between Nature and Nurture Has Not Yet Been Solved
3.先天与后天之争尚未解决
The debate about the use of genetics in determining patterns in human behaviors has not been solved. Charles Darwin says that human behavior is the result of evolutionary processes that were created over time to help humans survive and adapt to new conditions. There is scientific evidence for his claims and he is known as the father of the debate on human nature.
关于遗传决定人类行为模式的辩论一直没有得到解决。查尔斯·达尔文说，人类行为是进化过程的结果，随着时间的推移，进化帮助人类生存并适应新的条件。因为有科学证据支持了他的主张，因此他成为公认的人性辩论之父。
Then, the glory years of psychiatry came along. Sigmund Freud, a definitive thinker at the time, said that human behavior is the product of nurture. His famous argument suggested that personalities, traits and behaviors were created in spite of and because of the way that children are treated by their parents, or their absentee parents. The debate has raged on over the years and each side makes valid points, some of which can be validated scientifically. The importance of this debate does not necessarily lie in who is right and who is wrong. Instead, it is important that humans note that there are patterns in behavior. Whether someone is alcoholic because they were surrounded by alcoholic parents or because there is a predisposition in their genes, what scientists do know is that behaviors have a way of living on through children and grandchildren. Whether a person has children of their own or adopts non-biological children, something of them will be passed on to their children and live on long after they are dead. If you think that you can drink because you're Irish or that you are loud because you are Italian then you have bought into a cultural norm that persists through either nature or nurture or perhaps even a combination of the two.
此后，精神病学一直在进步。西格蒙德·弗洛伊德是当时的权威思想家，他认为人类行为是后天的产物。他的著名的观点是个性、性格特质和行为由父母对待孩子的方式所决定。这些年来这场辩论一直持续，双方各持有力的观点，其中一些可以经过科学验证。这场辩论的重要性并不在于谁对谁错。相反，人类必须注意，行为有模式。无论是受酗酒的父母影响而成为酒鬼，还是由于他们的基因中存在酗酒的倾向，科学家所知道的是，行为可以通过子女和孙辈继续延续。一个人无论是有自己的孩子还是领养了孩子，他们身上的一些特质将会传给孩子，并在他们死后得以延续。如果你认为你很能喝酒，因为你是爱尔兰人，你嗓门洪亮，因为你是意大利人，那么你认可这是一种文化规范，这种文化规范来自于先天或后天，或者是两者结合。
2.There Is No Proof That There Is Life after Death
2.没有证据证明死后还有生命
One of the biggest reasons that science has not prepared itself to truly explore the phenomenon of life after death is because there is no proof that there is life after death. There is no proof that the soul exists and there is no proof regarding the parameters of consciousness. Because there is no conclusive proof, many people walk away from it scientifically because they believe it to be fruitless.
科学界还没有做好准备真正探究死后的生命现象，其中最大的一个原因是尚没有证据证明它。无法证明灵魂的存在，也没有与意识有关的证据。按照科学的方法，没有确凿的证据，又觉得出不了成果，所以很多人不愿涉足这一领域。
1.There Is No Proof That There Is No Life after Death
1.没有证据证明死后没有生命
But at the end of the day, even though there is no proof of life after death, there is no proof that there is not life after death either. The entire concept is a mysterious subject. So many psychological signs point to the idea that there may be life after we pass on but none of these pass onto the physical.
但是到头来，虽然没有证据表明死后还有生命，但也没有证据表明死后没有生命。这整个概念就是个神秘的课题。有那么多心理迹象表明，我们去世后可能会有生命，但是这些迹象又不是实实在在的。
The intense desire to find out what happens to people after they die is one that has gone for as long as the world has had written sources. For thousands of years, people have been asking the same questions about the afterlife. Religion has created all kinds of different possibilities. The monotheistic Abrahamic religions have one idea while pagan traditions have more than one. Regardless of the belief system in place, one thing is clear: it is a subject that everyone wants to be better informed in. If the conscious exists, the drive to discover the keys to death and life are possibly a reflection of the potential to live on after we die. Some psychologists would say that this fear is the fear of the unknown but this is a superficial stance to take on the matter. It is possible to assume that these driving forces come from a knowledge somewhere within consciousness that people do live on after they die. Either way, if this is not true, no one can prove it.
人们探知死后生活的强烈欲望来源已久，世界上早有书面记载。几千年来，人们一直在追问关于来世的同样问题。宗教创造了各种各样的可能性。亚伯拉罕一神论的诸教只有一种观点，而异教传统则不止一种。无论信仰体系怎样改变，有一点很明确：这是每个人都想了解的主题。如果意识存在的话，当我们死后，想探究生死之谜的内驱力可能会让我们认为人死后有可能继续存在。一些心理学家说这种恐惧来源于人们对未知的害怕，但这是一种肤浅的观点。可以假设这些驱动力来自于意识某处的一种想法，即人死后还会存在。不管怎么样，如果这不是真的，也没有人可以证明。
评论
打印
