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Observing Behaviour
观察行为
Good morning, everyone. Today we will look at how to observe behaviour in research. Perhaps you would say it is easy and there is nothing extraordinary. Yes, you may be right. All of us observe behaviour every day. For example, when traveling in another country, we can avoid embarrassment by observing how people behave in that culture. And failing to be observing while walking or driving can be life-threatening.
大家早上好。今天我们来看看如何观察研究中的行为。也许你会说这很简单，没有什么特别的。是的，你可能是对的。我们每个人每天都在观察行为。例如，在另一个国家旅行时，我们可以通过观察人们在这种文化中的行为方式来避免尴尬。在走路或开车时不注意观察会危及生命。
We learn by observing people's behaviour. Researchers too rely on their observations to learn about behaviour,but there are differences. For instance, when we observe casually, we may not be aware of factors that bias our observations, and, and when we rarely keep formal records of our observations. Instead, we rely on our memory of events. Observations in research on the other hand are made under precisely defined conditions, that is, in a systematic and objective manner, and with careful record keeping.
我们通过观察人们的行为来学习。研究人员也通过他们的观察来了解行为，但也有不同之处。例如，当我们不经意地观察时，我们可能没有意识到偏见的因素，以及当我们很少保持对我们的观察的正式记录的时候。相反，我们依赖于对事件的记忆。而研究中的观察是有精确定义的，即以系统和客观的方式，认真地做记录。
Then how are we going to conduct observations in our research studies, and what do we need to do in order to make a scientific and objective observation? Now, as you remember, the primary goal of observation is to describe behaviour, but it is in reality impossible to observe and describe all of a person's behaviour. So we have to rely on observing samples of people's behaviour. Doing so, we must decide whether the samples represent people's usual behaviour. Thus, we will first take a brief look at how researchers select samples of behaviour.
那么，我们该如何在研究中进行观察，我们需要做些什么才能做出科学客观的观察呢？现在，正如你所记得的，观察的主要目的是描述行为，但事实上，观察和描述一个人的全部行为是不可能的。所以我们必须依靠观察人们行为的样本。这样做，我们必须决定样本是否代表人们的日常行为。因此，我们将首先简要了解研究人员如何选择行为样本。
Before conducting an observational study, researchers must make a number of important decisions, that's about when and where observations will be made. As I've said before, the researcher cannot observe all behaviour. Only certain behaviours occurring at particular times, in specific settings can be observed. In other words, behaviour must be sampled. In this lecture, I will briefly introduce two kinds of sampling, that is, time sampling and situation sampling.
在进行观察研究之前，研究人员必须做出一些重要的决定，就是关于何时何地进行观察。如前所述，研究人员不能观察所有的行为。只有特定时间，在特定的环境中发生的某些行为才能被观察到。换句话说，必须对行为进行抽样。在这一讲中，我将简单介绍两种抽样方法，即时间抽样和情景抽样。
