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W: Now, Dr. Harley. Since learning a second language is a difficult process, you know, in one way or another.
女：哈利博士。你知道，学习第二语言，无论如何，都是一个困难的过程。
W: Are there any methods so far if they give methods to teach a second language?
女：有没有什么教第二语言的好方法？
M: There again. No method is absolutely effective in all situations. Some may prove effective, others may not.
男：还是那句话。没有哪一种方法适用于所有情境。在有些情境中有用，有些情境中就可能没用。
M: I mean, all depending on specific conditions. But generally speaking, there are a number of methods that have been used to teach a second language.
男：我的意思是，一切都取决于具体情况。但是一般来说，还是有很多方法可以用于第二语言教学。
W: Could you mention a few?
女：能举几个例子吗？
M: For instance, there is the traditional method. This method is based on translation from one language to another and emphasizes grammar teaching.
男：比如，有种传统的教学方法。这种方法以两种语言之间的翻译为基础，强调语法学习。
W: Mm...
女：嗯…
M: And then you have direct method, which focuses on conversational skills and all teaching must be carried out in the second language.
男：还有直接教学法，强调对话技能，所有教学活动都以第二语言进行。
W: Oh, I see. Any other methods?
女：哦，我明白了。还有别的方法吗？
M: Yes. For example, the audiolingual method. This method emphasizes speaking and listening before reading and writing.
男：有。比如，听说教学法。这种方法比较强调听说，而不是读写。
W: How interesting!
女：真有趣！
M: Then you have the immersion method. This method teaches learners exclusively through the medium of the second language.
男：然后是浸入式教学法。这种方法在教学中让学习者大量接触第二语言。
W: How?
女：具体是怎么做的？
M: Well, it simply means that you can not speak mother tongue. Everything must be done in the language you are learning.
男：嗯，就是你不能说母语。做任何事都要用你学的那种语言。
M: To me, the most natural method of learning a new language is what I call submersion.
男：对我来说，学习一种新语言最自然的方法就是浸泡法。
M: That is, to go to that country and be surrounded exclusively by speakers of that language.
男：也就是去说那种语言的国家，和说那种语言的人大量接触。
W: Thank you very much, Dr. Harley, for introducing some of the language teaching methods. Now let's move on to something a bit theoretical.
女：非常感谢哈雷博士，为我们介绍了这些语言教学方法。现在我们来看一些理论问题。
W: Since second language acquisition and teaching are fascinating area for researchers, are there any theories to explain second language acquisition?
女：由于第二语言习得和教学对研究者来说很吸引人，所以有什么理论可以解释第二语言习得呢？
M: Yes, many theories and models have been put forward by researchers so far. Today, I'd like to mention the five hypotheses proposed by Stephen Krashen.
男：嗯，目前研究者们已经提出了很多理论和模型。今天，我想讲讲斯蒂芬·克拉申提出的五个假设。
W: OK.
女：好。
M: The five hypotheses, or what he calls, the monitor model of second language learning.
男：这五种假说，也被他称为，第二语言学习的监测模型。
