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Now, let's take a look at how you are going to write a survey-type research paper or an argumentative research paper.
现在，让我们来看看调查类和分析论证类的研究论文怎么写。
In a survey-type research paper, you gather facts and a variety of opinions on a given topic.
在一份调查类的研究论文中，你要收集某一特定主题的事实和各种观点。
You make little attempt to interpret or evaluate what your sources say or to prove a particular point.
你很少需要去解释或评估你收集到的信息源的内容，或证明某个特定的观点。
Instead, through quotation, summary, and paraphrase, you try to provide a representative sampling of facts and opinions to give an objective report on your topic.
相反，通过引用、总结和释义，你可以将事实和观点进行有代表性地抽样，给出一个关于研究主题的客观报告。
You explain the pros and cons of various attitudes or opinions, but you don't side definitely with any one of them.
你要解释各种态度或观点的利与弊，但你并不一定需要同意其中的任何一个。
While in an argumentative research paper, you do considerably more. You do not simply quote, paraphrase, and summarize as you do in a survey-type paper.
而写分析论证类的文章，需要做的工作多一些。你不能像调查类文章里那样，简单地引用、解释和总结。
You interpret, question, compare, and judge the statements you cite.
你要对引用的观点进行解释，质疑，比较，判断。
You explain why one opinion is sound and another is not; why one fact is relevant and another is not; why one writer is correct and another is mistaken.
你要解释为什么这个观点站得住脚，而另一个并非如此；为什么这个事实与主题相关，另一个则不相关；为什么这个作者是正确的，而另一个是错误的。
What's more, your purpose may vary with your topic. You may try to explain a situation to recommend a course of action,
更重要的是，研究目的可能随着主题的不同而不同。你可能尝试解释一种情况，并提出行动建议，
to reveal the solution to a problem, or to present and defend a particular interpretation of a historical event or a work of art.
提出问题的解决方案，或对某一历史事件或艺术作品做出特定阐释并论证。
But whether the topic is space travel or trends in contemporary American literature, an argumentative research paper deals actively – I say it again,
但无论话题是太空旅行还是当代美国文学的趋势，论证类的研究论文都应该积极地——我又说到了，
actively – with the statements it cites.
积极地——处理文章引用的观点。
It makes these statements work together in an argument that you create, that is, to an argument leading to a conclusion of your own.
这些观点一起为你的论点服务，也就是说，通过这个论点得出了你自己的结论。
In the next part of the lecture, I'd like to talk about one of the basic steps in writing I mentioned earlier in the lecture.
在接下来的课程中，我想谈谈我之前在演讲中提到的写作的基本步骤之一。
That is how to choose a topic. Choosing a topic for a research paper is in some ways like choosing a topic for an ordinary essay, but there are some differences.
那就是如何选择主题。选择一篇研究论文的主题，在某种程度上就像是为一篇普通的文章选一个话题，但也有一些不同之处。
As you think about your topic, ask yourself these questions:
当思考选题时，问问自己这些问题：
Question number one: Do you really want to know more about this topic?
第一个问题：你真的想更深入了解这个主题吗？
This is the initial question you have to ask yourself, because research on any subject will keep you busy for weeks.
这是你首先要问自己的问题，因为所有主题的研究都会让你忙上好几个星期。
You certainly do not wish to waste your time on something you have little interest in.
你当然不希望把时间浪费在你没有兴趣的事情上。
You do it well only if you expect to learn something interesting or important in the process.
只有当你想在这个过程中学习一些有趣或重要的东西时，你才会做得很好。
