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thereby
adv.因此
He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses.
原本效率低下运用范围有限的活塞式结构从此演变成为得到广泛运用的蒸汽模式。
stress
v.强调；重读n.压力；逼迫
Making fine-art objects stable requires an understanding of the properties of mass, 143 weight, distribution, and stress.
使一部艺术作品呈现效果明显,要求对作画过程中的质量、轻重、分布及着重点有很好的理解。
sanctuaries-sanctuary
n.教堂
In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
一百年前，黄石建立了美国首个国家公园，一百年后的1972年，美通过了对设立“国家海洋保护区”项目的法规。
retain
v.保持
It retains heat while its viscosity changes.
尽管粘度发生改变，但热量却保持不变。
restricted-restrict
v.限制, 限定
At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World War.
起初，结构功能主义只存在于先锋建筑师和设计师，但一战结束后，它对设计师产生了绝对影响。
regular
adj.规则的
irregular
adj.不规则的
Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine.
既然工厂生产已经专业化，旷工与迟到就会降低劳动生产率，也会影响工厂的正常运转。
reduction
n.减少；削减
reducing-reduce
v.减少；降低
Some studies suggest that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression.
有的研究表明精神发泄可以缓解紧张情绪并且有助于降低以后侵略性行为产生的可能性。
raised-raise
n.加薪；提高v.举起, 抬起
Other mountains may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce block mountains.
在另一种情况下，地震将地壳震裂。产生的岩石堆积形成断块山，从而形成山脉。
railroads-railroad
n.铁路
The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads,which solved a major transportation problem.
蒸汽机的广泛应用是铁路发展的主要因素，也解决了交通的大问题。
previously
adv.事先
previous
adj.早先的
Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures,
先前，大批观众在剧院观看表演，在那里，滑稽戏剧、流行戏剧、音乐剧或吟诗表演、经典演奏、
and slide-and- lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time.
演讲和幻灯片都曾每次被播放给上百名观看者。
pool
n.水塘, 水池
Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools.
油床是宝贵的地下石油积聚处，而油田是被一个或多个油藏覆盖区域。
nouveau
adj.新近到达的; 新近生产的
France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904).
法国产生了大量新艺术风格人物，其中最有名的是艾米·里加利（1846-1904）。
mud
n.泥
muddy
adj.泥泞的
Shortly after the Cambrian explosion, mud slides rapidly buried thousands of marine animals under conditions that favored fossilization.
在寒武纪大爆发后不久，滑落的泥土迅速掩埋了成千上万的海洋动物，形成了极有利于化石形成的环境。
hypothesis
n.假设 hypotheses（复数）
hypothetical
adj.假设的, 假定的
hypothesize
v.假设
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis.
关于脸部回馈假说，心理学研究提供了一些有趣的发现。
gap
n.缝隙；缺口
Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic,
最后，对于以水果或种子来补充其昆虫食物的许多小型哺乳动物而言，不能跨越树冠之间的无树问隙可能很成问题，
since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.
因为生产这些食物的树林可能分布很稀疏。
eroded-erode
v.腐蚀
Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains.
低矮山峦的历史往往更加久远，它们通常是高耸的山脉崩塌后的遗留物。
ecologists-ecologist
n.生态学者
Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time.
生态学家使用"演替"来诠释植物群落和生态系统随着时间推移所发生的变化。
cracks-crack
n.裂缝 v.爆裂
Rain washes away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks.
雨水冲刷了疏松的土壤并渗入到岩石的缝隙。
