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Using points and examples from the talk, describe the two defense mechanisms mentioned by the professor.
请用材料中的观点和例子描述一下教授提到的两种防御机制。
Now listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.
请听心理学课上的部分内容。
When people are in difficult situations sometimes they experience feelings of helplessness, or psychological pain.
当人们遇到困境的时候，他们有时会经历情感上的无助，或者心理上的痛苦。
So what do they do? They unconsciously use a strategy called, defense mechanisms,
那他们会做什么呢？他们会无意识地使用一种叫做“防御机制”的策略，
to protect themselves psychologically from their painful emotions.
来从心理上保护他们自己不受痛苦情绪的影响。
Oh, let's say a woman has a pet dog.
我们假设一位女士养了一条宠物狗。
She's had this dog for a long time and he's kept her company and guarded her for years.
她养这条狗已经很长时间了，而这条狗也陪着她并保护了她很多年。
But one day he runs away. This woman looks everywhere, and asks other people if they've seen her dog.
但是有一天，它跑走了。这位女士到处找它并四处打听有没有人见过她的狗。
But she just can't find him. Now, she feels helpless and sad because she misses her dog.
但是她怎么都找不到它。她觉得无助又伤心，因为她很想念她的狗。
So she'll unconsciously find ways to deal with her painful feelings.
所以她会无意识地找到能够解决她的痛苦的方法。
One defense mechanism she might use is fantasy.
她也许会使用的一种防御机制就是幻想。
With fantasy, the woman uses her imagination,
幻想就是这位女士会发动她的想象。
so instead of just feeling helpless and sad about her lost dog, she invents a happy story in her mind.
为了不再为她走失的狗感到无助和伤心，她在脑海中编造了一个幸福的故事。
She might imagine that, uh, a nice family found him and feeds him and that he's really happy with them.
她也许会想象有一个很好的家庭发现了它并且把它收养了，它跟他们在一起过得很幸福。
She'll picture the dog playing, running around, having fun.
她会想象出这条狗玩耍、四处跑动、开开心心的画面。
Because of this fantasy, she doesn't have to feel sad about her dog running away.
由于这个幻想，她不再对她的狗跑走的事情感到难过。
It's a fantasy, it's not real, but it keeps her pain away.
这是个幻想，并不真实，但却驱散了她的痛苦。
Another defense mechanism she might use is what we call, sublimation.
她可能会使用的另一个防御机制被我们称为升华。
Sublimation is different from fantasy because sublimation isn't about pretending.
升华和幻想是不一样的，因为升华并不涉及假装。
It's about turning negative emotions into something useful, practical.
它是关于把负面情绪转化成一些有用的，实际的东西。
So, uh, the woman might start a dog training school.
那么，这位女士也许会开办一所狗狗训练学校。
That way, by training dogs, perhaps she can help prevent other people's dogs from running away like hers did.
通过训练狗狗，也许她就能帮助防止其他人的狗像她的一样走失。
In other words, with sublimation as a defense mechanism,
换句话说，通过将升华作为一种防御机制，
the woman redirects her negative feelings about losing her dog into a positive, constructive activity.
这位女士把她关于遗失狗狗的负面情绪转向了一种积极的、有意义的活动。
