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Yet Justinian's imperialist program of conquering back the Roman Empire was destined to fail.
但是查士丁尼企图征服罗马帝国的野心注定要失败。
Soon after his death Italy and Africa fell back into Western hands.
他死后不久意大利和非洲就又落入了西方国家手中。
Worse, Justinian left no clear successor to rule and the Eastern Empire completely surrounded by enemies.
更糟的是查士丁尼并没有明确指定继任者而当时的东罗马帝国可谓四面受敌。
To the West were the States of the former Western Empire and later The Crusaders.
西边开始有西罗马帝国，后又有十字军。
To the North were the Slavs, the Vikings and other ferocious peoples.
北有斯拉夫人 维京人以及其他的野蛮民族。
To the East was the ancient and menacing Persian Empire and to the South and South East were the upcoming Arabs.
东有古老险恶的波斯帝国，南方和东南方是正在崛起的阿拉伯人。
Up to the 7th century AD the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula were harmless Nomads.
直到7世纪，阿拉伯半岛上的部落还是无害的游牧民族。
But the founding of the Islamic faith in the early 6th century also united the Arab tribes culturally and politically.
但是随着六世纪伊斯兰教的创立，各部落在文化政治上团结了起来
After the death of Mohammed in 632 AD, the Muslim Arabs would become the Byzantine Arabs biggest immediate threat.
公元632年穆罕默德死后，穆斯林阿拉伯人就成为了拜占庭阿拉伯人最大的直接威胁。
Islamic kingdoms would remain a threat until the Ottoman Turks finally captured Constantinople in 1453.
伊斯兰国家直到奥斯曼土耳其人在1453年占领君士坦丁堡前始终是个威胁。
One result of the Byzantine Empire's being surrounded by enemies was that it became more and more isolated from Western Europe.
拜占庭帝国之所以腹背受敌一个重要的原因就是它渐渐脱离了西欧。
