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Alright, think back with me for a moment, say like, ten years back.
好了，跟我一起回想，比如回想10年前。
Ten years ago today, do you remember exactly what you were doing?
十年前的今天，你还记得自己在做什么吗？
I definitely don't, and neither do most people.
我绝对不记得了，大多数人都不记得。
We might vaguely remember what life was like,
我们可能模糊记得那时的生活是什么样的，
but most of our daily memories from that long ago are just … gone.
但以前的大多数日常记忆都消失了。
Still, some psychoanalysts would argue that you might have uncomfortable memories from that day
不过，一些精神分析学家认为，从那天起，你可能会有不舒服的记忆，
hiding in the back of your mind, waiting to be rediscovered, also known as repressed memories.
深藏在脑海里，等待被重新发现，这就是我们所知的被压抑的记忆。
That used to be a really popular idea,
它曾经是个非常流行的观点，
but now, we know these memories aren't always what they seem.
但是现在，我们知道这些记忆并不总是它们表面的样子。
The idea of repressed memories is sometimes thrown around in pop psychology,
被压抑记忆的观点有时会在通俗心理学中出现，
but it has a pretty specific definition.
但它有一个很明确的定义。
For one, a repressed memory isn't something you just haven't thought about for years,
首先，被压抑的记忆不是你多年没想过的事情，
like your first elementary school art project.
比如你的第一个小学艺术项目。
And it's also not just forgetting something,
它也不是忘记某些东西，
like how you probably can't remember what you had for breakfast three weeks ago?
比如，你怎么可能记得三周前吃过的早餐？
I can't remember what I had for breakfast this morning.
我就不记得今天早饭吃了什么。
The real idea of a "repressed memory" comes from everybody's favorite misguided psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud.
最受人喜欢的精神分析学家——西格蒙德·弗洛伊德提出“被压抑的记忆”的真实观点，它有误导性。
His idea was that, if you have thoughts or experiences that you don't want to deal with consciously,
他的想法是，如果你有不想清醒着去处理的想法或经历，
like memories of being abused, they'd get pushed into your unconscious mind.
比如被虐待的记忆，它们就会进入你的潜意识。
And Freud argued that everyone has all kinds of desires, motivations, and memories just waiting to be uncovered.
弗洛伊德认为每个人都有各种欲望、动机和记忆等着被发现。
Back around the 1980s, it was common for therapists who were into Freud's ideas
在20世界80年代，对热衷弗洛伊德观点的治疗师来说，
to suspect that their patients had repressed memories of trauma or abuse.
怀疑他们的病人有关于创伤或虐待的被压抑记忆很常见。
But unfortunately, some therapists might have been a bit overzealous in finding trauma when it wasn't actually there.
但不幸的是，一些治疗师在寻找实际并不存在的创伤时可能有点儿过于热心了。
Many used guided imagery techniques with their patients,
许多人对病人使用引导意象技术，
like imagining what a hypothetical abuse scenario might look like,
比如想象一个假想的虐待场景是什么样的，
to help them recall those supposedly hidden memories.
来帮助他们回忆那些本该隐藏的记忆。
Which sounds horrible, and today isn't seen as a useful therapy for dealing with abuse.
这听起来很可怕，它不是现在治疗虐待的有效疗法。
Aside from... sounding pretty unpleasant,
除了……听起来很不愉快,
it also looked a lot like how you can create false memories.
它看起来也很像你创造虚假记忆的方法。
Sometimes people can be bad at distinguishing their real memories from things they just imagined happening to them,
有时候，人们不善于区分他们的真实记忆和想象,
like if you think you remember something from when you were a baby
比如，如果你认为自己还记得婴儿时期的事，
because your family has told the story tons of times.
那是因为你的家人已经讲了很多次了。
So telling people to imagine experiences makes them more likely to misremember them as true.
所以告诉人们想象经历会让他们更容易记成真事。
For patients who had been abused,
对于那些被虐待的病人来说，
it was great that therapists were finally acknowledging how common it was and taking them seriously.
治疗师最终认识到它很普遍，并认真对待他们，就很好。
But if a patient comes to your office saying they've never been abused,
但是如果一个病人来到你的办公室说他们从来没被虐待过，
you definitely don't want to accidentally convince them they were.
你肯定不想不慎地说服他们曾有过那种经历。
Thanks to that imagery technique, it's likely that many supposedly repressed memories from around
多亏了意象技术，许多被认定的被压抑记忆很可能是
then were actually just things suggested by well-meaning therapists.
好心治疗师建议想象的东西。
And research supports that idea.
而且研究支持这个观点。
Some studies have shown that people who believe they've recovered repressed memories are more likely to get false memories.
一些研究表明，那些相信自己已经恢复被压抑记忆的人更容易得到错误记忆。
For example, in a paper published in 2000 in Psychological Science, researchers studied 57 women.
例如，在2000年发表于《心理科学》的一篇论文中，研究人员研究了57名女性。
Some had always remembered abuse from earlier in their lives,
他们中有些人总记着早年受到的虐待，
but others had either supposedly recovered memories of abuse or suspected that they had repressed memories.
但其他人要么可能恢复了虐待记忆，要么怀疑他们有被压抑的记忆。
They had all these people and a control group
研究人员对他们和一个控制组，
people who knew they had never been abused, take a memory test.
即知道自己从未被虐待过的人，做了一次记忆实验。
It involved remembering lists of related words, and in other research,
实验涉及记忆相关的词汇表，在其他研究中，
most people end up creating false memories and accidentally remembering words that aren't on the list.
大多数人最终会产生错误记忆，不小心记住那些不在名单上的单词。
The results showed that people who had always remembered their traumatic memories
结果表明，那些一直记得自己有创伤记忆的人，
were about as likely as the control group to have false memories of the missing words.
会和控制组一样，对没有的单词有错误记忆。
But those who had recovered memories were about 20% more likely to have the false memories from the lists.
但是那些恢复记忆的人会多20%的可能记错单词表。
And this phenomenon happens with more significant events, too, not only word lists.
这种现象也发生在更重要的事件上，不只是单词表。
One study, published in 1999 in the Journal of Traumatic Stress,
1999年，一项发表在《创伤压力》杂志上的研究称，
looked at 24 people and found they could induce false memories of some unusual life events,
他们观察了24个人，发现他们可能会对一些不寻常的生活事件产生错误记忆，
like breaking a window with your hand, or getting stuck in a tree.
比如用手打碎窗户或被困在树上。
They did this using the same guided imagery technique that therapists would use in finding recovered memories.
他们使用引导意象技术做此项研究，与治疗师在寻找恢复记忆时使用的一样。
Another study from 1989 surveyed about 130 children whose school was attacked by a shooter.
1989年的另一项研究调查了遭受枪击的学校内的130名儿童。
Several children remembered being at the scene of the shooting, but weren't actually anywhere near it.
几个孩子记得他们在枪击现场，但实际上他们并不在附近。
One boy even remembered walking to school,
一个男孩甚至记得他走路去上学，
turning back when he heard shots, and seeing someone lying on the ground …
当听到枪声、看到有人躺在地上时，返了回来......
except, his parents confirmed they were all on vacation that day.
但实际是他的父母证实他们那天都在度假。
Now, it is important to remember that all this research is correlational.
现在，重要的是记住所有这些研究都是相关的。
No one researches repressed memories by randomly assigning some people to experience trauma to test their memory of it.
没有人通过随机分配一些人体验创伤来测试他们的记忆。
So we can't say repressed memories are always false,
所以我们不能说被压抑的记忆总是错误的，
but we do know it's really hard to demonstrate they're reliable
但我们知道，证明它们可靠很难，
and for most people, it's really easy to get a false memory.
而且对大多数人来说，得到错误记忆很容易。
Without corroborating evidence, it can be hard to distinguish a true recovered memory from a false one.
没有确凿的证据，我们很难区分一个真实的恢复记忆和一个错误记忆。
Still, when it comes to trauma and abuse, most people have continuous memories of it,
然而，当涉及到创伤和虐待时，大多数人都会对它有持续记忆，
so it's important to take them seriously.
所以认真对待他们很重要。
And even if someone can't prove their repressed memories are real,
即使人们无法证明自己被压抑的记忆是真实的，
having traumatic, troubling, or stressful thoughts is a good reason to talk to a professional, anyway.
但有创伤、烦恼或紧张的想法的人找到了与专业人士交谈的好理由。
No matter how much the internet and TV shows have to say about repressed memories,
无论互联网和电视节目对被压抑的记忆说了多少，
like most of Freud's ideas, they're definitely not as straightforward as they sound.
就像弗洛伊德的大部分观点一样，它们肯定不像听起来那么简单。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
感谢您收看本期的心理科学秀。
For more on the science of memory, you can check out our video about how your memory can be tricked.
要想了解更多关于记忆的科学，可以看记忆如何被欺骗那期节目。
