评论
打印
But humans aren't tapeworms. We're apes.
但人类不是绦虫，是猿（提示：本段视频不宜在公共场合观看，更不宜公放！！！）。
And our closest relatives in the animal world are chimps and bonobos.
动物界中与我们最相近的是黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩。
We're more closely related to chimps and bonobos than the Indian elephant is to the African elephant.
我们与黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩的关系比印度大象与非洲大象的关系还要密切。
The close comparison exists in bone and muscle structure, and in the capability of responding to stimuli and solving problems.
这种密切的对照在于骨骼和肌肉的结构，以及对刺激做出反应的能力和解决问题的能力。
Clearly chimps and bonobos are anything but monogamous.
显然，黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩都远远谈不上一夫一妻制。
Bonobos have sex at the drop of a hat.
倭黑猩猩动不动就会性交。
They have sex to say hello, they have sex to say goodbye, they have sex when they're stressed out.
要打招呼，性交，要道别，性交，压力太大，性交。
For both the male and female bonobos, that free love philosophy makes evolutionary sense.
无论是对雄性倭黑猩猩，还是对雌性倭黑猩猩来说，这种自由性爱哲学都是具有演化意义的。
The males get to spread their seed,
雄性得以传播它们的精子，
and the females get to take in the seed of multiple males, which then compete against each other to fertilize her egg.
雌性则可以获取多个雄性的精子，之后那些精子相互竞争与卵子结合的机会。
It's survival of the fittest -- for sperm.
适者才能生存 - 对精子来说。
There are aspects of bonobo anatomy that seem adapted to promiscuity.
从某些解剖学方面来看，倭黑猩猩似乎适应了滥交。
And intriguingly, you can also find a lot of them in humans, suggesting we may have evolved to be non-monogamous, too.
有趣的是，人类身上也能找到这些证据，暗示我们也有演化成非一夫一妻制物种的可能性。
There's body dimorphism.
比如，人类也有身体二态性。
In species that are more promiscuous, the males tend to be 15 to 25 percent larger than the females.
在性关系不单一的物种中，雄性的身材普遍比雌性高大15％至25％。
And in theory, if there are males battling to impregnate women, testicles would be bigger and stronger.
而且，从理论上讲，如果雄性要靠竞争获得让雌性受孕的机会，雄性的睾丸就会更大更强壮。
You'll see that human testicles are intermediate between very large testicles in bonobos and chimpanzees, and very small testicles in gorillas for example.
比如，你会看到，人类睾丸的大小介于倭黑猩猩和黑猩猩那种非常大的睾丸和大猩猩那种非常小的睾丸之间。
There's the human penis -- tied for the biggest among all primates -- which has a unique shape.
然后是人类的阴茎——位列所有灵长类动物中最大的尺寸——具有独特形状的人类阴茎。
We have this much thicker penis with the flared head.
我们的阴茎更粗大，顶部呈展开状。
This shape creates a vacuum in the female's reproductive tract
这一形状能够在女性的生殖器内形成一个真空的环境，
that tends to pull any sperm that's already there, it pulls it down away from the ovum,
将已经在女性生殖器内的所有精子吸出来，将它们从卵细胞上吸走，
thereby giving an advantage to the sperm of the man who's having sex at the moment.
从而为目前正在与女性发生性行为的男性的精子提供先机。
There's also female copulatory vocalization -- a phenomenon so well-known and accepted, it's a standard feature of movie sex scenes.
另一个就是女性的叫床声——这种现象实在是太为大家熟知和接受了，以致于被当做了电影性爱镜头的标配。
What we see is that female copulatory vocalization is common among primates that engage in sperm competition.
我们发现，需要靠竞争获得交配机会的灵长类动物中雌性叫床的现象也很常见。
Then there's the fact that humans and bonobos have sex to bond, and not just to have children,
而且，人类和倭黑猩猩发生性关系是为了让彼此的关系更加紧密，而不仅仅是为了生孩子，
which might explain the way we face each other during intercourse.
这或许也是我们在性爱时成面对彼此的姿势的缘故。
You see humans and bonobos are the only two that face each other while they're having sex.
人类和倭黑猩猩是性爱时唯一会面对彼此的物种。
And why we have a lot more of it than most mammals.
也是我们性爱的次数比大多数哺乳动物都多的缘故。
So clearly when people say so-and-so had sex like an animal, they're getting it backwards.
显然，当人们说某某某和某某某做爱时像动物一样，他们的意思是两人采用的体位是后入式。
And there's now a lot of evidence that monogamy is a more recent invention than most of us would expect.
而且，有很多证据表明，一夫一妻制产生的时间其实比我们大多数人以为的都要短。
Around 12,000 years ago -- when most humans stopped being hunter- gatherers, and figured out how to farm...
大约1.2万年前，那时大多数人都不再以狩猎采集为生，并且已经知道如何耕种了……
You get a very overpowering concern with property rights.
那时的人对财产权极为重视。
As the Greeks put it, you don't want a foreign seed introduced into your soil.
就像希腊人说的那样，别往你自己的土地上撒外来的种子。
For thousands of years, marriage was the main way that you increased your family labor force, you made peace treaties, business alliances.
几千年来，婚姻一直是人们增加家庭劳动力，制定和平条约，进行商业联盟的主要方式。
The more I've studied, the more I became convinced that marriage was invented not to do with the individual relationship with the man and the woman, but to get in-laws.
我研究得越多，就越相信婚姻的发明并不是为了男人和女人的个人关系，而是为了缔结姻亲。
You know, and it's amusing because today we see in-laws as a big threat to the solidarity of the man and the woman.
这点很有意思，因为今天在我们看来，姻亲其实是威胁两个人团结的一个很大因素。
But that's what marriage was about.
但这也正是婚姻的意义所在。
You look back at Anthony and Cleopatra, that was not a love story at all.
不信我们回想一下安东尼和克利奥帕特拉的故事，他们两人的故事根本不是什么爱情故事。
That was two people from the most powerful empires in the world trying to figure out how they could get together and rule both of those empires.
而是一个关于来自世间最强大的两大帝国的两个人试图弄清他们如何联手才能统治那两个帝国的故事。
The idea of marrying someone for love?
为爱结婚？
Coontz says western societies only started doing that a few hundred years ago.
科恩兹说，西方社会几百年前才开始这样做。
As we made a transition to the idea that marriage should be on the basis of love, it scared people.
当我们的观念过渡到婚姻应该以爱情为基础的时候，人们被吓到了。
Defenders of traditional marriage said, "Oh my gosh, how will we get a woman to marry at all if she says, 'Ew I don't love him.'
坚决捍卫传统婚姻的人说，“我的天呐！如果一个女人说‘我不爱她。’我还怎么把她娶到手？
How will we stop people from getting divorced?"
我们如何阻止大家离婚呢？”
So a new idea took hold: men and women needed to find love and marry because they were two parts of a whole.
一种新的观念逐渐形成了：男人和女人要找到了爱情才结婚，要因为他们是彼此的另一半才结婚。
Men were aggressive and protective.
男人争强好斗，具有保护欲。
Women were nurturing and demure.
女性则适合生养，端庄娴静。
They were opposites who completed each other.
他们彼此对立，又能够互相弥补。
The field of evolutionary biology also developed around this time;
进化生物学领域也是在这个时期发展起来的;
pioneered by male scientists, who used their theories on sexual selection to explain Victorian gender roles.
开创者都是男性科学家，这群科学家便用他们的性选择理论来解释维多利亚时代的性别角色。
